Activation of bioluminescence by structural complementation

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are compositions and methods for the assembly of a bioluminescent complex from two or more non-luminescent (e.g., substantially non-luminescent) peptide and/or polypeptide units. In particular, bioluminescent activity is conferred upon a non-luminescent polypeptide via structural complementation with another, complementary non-luminescent peptide.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/209,610, filed Mar. 13, 2014, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/791,549 filed Mar. 15, 2013, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

Provided herein are compositions and methods for the assembly of a bioluminescent complex from two or more non-luminescent (e.g., substantially non-luminescent) peptide and/or polypeptide units. In particular, bioluminescent activity is conferred upon a non-luminescent polypeptide via structural complementation with another, complementary non-luminescent peptide.

BACKGROUND

Biological processes rely on covalent and non-covalent interactions between molecules, macromolecules and molecular complexes. In order to understand such processes, and to develop techniques and compounds to manipulate them for research, clinical and other practical applications, it is necessary to have tools available to detect and monitor these interactions. The study of these interactions, particularly under physiological conditions (e.g. at normal expression levels for monitoring protein interactions), requires high sensitivity.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to compositions comprising complementary non-luminescent amino acid chains (e.g., substantially non-luminescent peptides and/or polypeptides that are not fragments of a preexisting protein), complexes thereof, and methods of generating an optically detectable bioluminescent signal upon association of the non-luminescent amino acid chains (e.g., peptides and/or polypeptides). In some embodiments, the present invention provides two or more non-luminescent, or substantially non-luminescent peptides and/or polypeptides, that, when brought together, assemble into a bioluminescent complex. In some embodiments, a pair of substantially non-luminescent peptide and/or polypeptide units assembles into a bioluminescent complex. In other embodiments, three or more substantially non-luminescent peptide and/or polypeptide units assemble into a bioluminescent complex (e.g., ternary complex, tertiary complex, etc.). Provided herein are technologies for detecting interactions between molecular entities (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, small molecules (e.g., small molecule libraries)) by correlating such interactions to the formation of a bioluminescent complex of otherwise non-luminescent (e.g., substantially non-luminescent) amino acid chains.

In some embodiments, the assembled pair catalyzes a chemical reaction of an appropriate substrate into a high energy state, and light is emitted. In some embodiments, a bioluminescent complex exhibits luminescence in the presence of substrate (e.g., coelenterazine, furimazine, etc.).

Although the embodiments described herein primarily describe and refer to complementary, non-luminescent amino acid chains that form bioluminescent complexes, it is noted that the present technology can equally be applied to other detectable attributes (e.g., other enzymatic activities, generation of a fluorophore, generation of a chromophore, etc.). The embodiments described herein relating to luminescence should be viewed as applying to complementary, substantially non-enzymatically active amino acid chains (e.g., peptides and/or polypeptides that are not fragments of a preexisting protein) that separately lack a specified detectable activity (e.g., enzymatic activity) or substantially non-enzymatically active subunits of a polypeptide, complexes thereof, and methods of generating the detectable activity (e.g., an enzymatic activity) upon association of the complementary, substantially non-enzymatically active amino acid chains (e.g., peptides and/or polypeptides). Further, embodiments described herein that refer to non-luminescent peptides and/or polypeptides are applied, in some embodiments, to substantially non-luminescent peptides and/or polypeptides.

The invention is further directed to assays for the detection of molecular interactions between molecules of interest by linking the interaction of a pair of non-luminescent peptides/polypeptides to the interaction molecules of interest (e.g., transient association, stable association, complex formation, etc.). In such embodiments, a pair of a non-luminescent elements are tethered (e.g., fused) to molecules of interest and assembly of the bioluminescent complex is operated by the molecular interaction of the molecules of interest. If the molecules of interest engage in a sufficiently stable interaction, the bioluminescent complex forms, and a bioluminescent signal is generated. If the molecules of interest fail to engage in a sufficiently stable interaction, the bioluminescent complex will not form or only form weakly, and a bioluminescent signal is not detectable or is substantially reduced (e.g., substantially undetectable, essentially not detectable, etc.). In some embodiments, the magnitude of the detectable bioluminescent signal is proportional (e.g., directly proportional) to the amount, strength, favorability, and/or stability of the molecular interactions between the molecules of interest.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides peptides comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% (e.g., 20% . . . 30% . . . 40% . . . 50% . . . 60% . . . 70% . . . 80%, or more) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced when the peptide contacts a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440. In some embodiments, the present invention provides peptides comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced when the peptide contacts a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440. In some embodiments, a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced when the peptide contacts a polypeptide having less than 100% and greater than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440. In certain embodiments, the detectable bioluminescent signal is produced, or is substantially increased, when the peptide associates with the polypeptide comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440, or a portion thereof. In preferred embodiments, the peptide exhibits alteration (e.g., enhancement) of one or more traits compared to a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the traits are selected from: affinity for the polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440, expression, intracellular solubility, intracellular stability and bioluminescent activity when combined with the polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440. Although not limited to these sequences, the peptide amino acid sequence may be selected from amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365. In some embodiments, fusion polypeptides are provided that comprise: (a) an above described peptide, and (b) a first interaction polypeptide that forms a complex with a second interaction polypeptide upon contact of the first interaction polypeptide and the second interaction polypeptide. In certain embodiments, bioluminescent complexes are provided that comprise: (a) a first fusion polypeptide described above and (b) a second fusion polypeptide comprising: (i) the second interaction polypeptide and (ii) a complement polypeptide that emits a detectable bioluminescent signal when associated with the peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2; wherein the first fusion polypeptide and second fusion polypeptide are associated; and wherein the peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2 and the complement polypeptide are associated.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced when the polypeptide contacts a peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the present invention provides polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced when the polypeptide contacts a peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced when the polypeptide contacts a peptide having less than 100% and greater than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the polypeptide exhibits alteration (e.g., enhancement) of one or more traits compared to a peptide of SEQ ID NO: 440, wherein the traits are selected from: affinity for the peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, expression, intracellular solubility, intracellular stability, and bioluminescent activity when combined with the peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2. Although not limited to such sequences, the polypeptide amino acid sequence may be selected from one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156. In some embodiments, the detectable bioluminescent signal is produced when the polypeptide associates with the peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, a fusion polypeptide is provided that comprises: (a) a polypeptide described above and (b) a first interaction polypeptide that forms a complex with a second interaction polypeptide upon contact of the first interaction polypeptide and the second interaction polypeptide. In certain embodiments, a bioluminescent complex is provided that comprises: (a) a first fusion polypeptide described above; and (b) a second fusion polypeptide comprising: (i) the second interaction polypeptide and (ii) a complement peptide that causes the polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440 to emit a detectable bioluminescent signal when an association is formed between the two; wherein the first fusion polypeptide and second fusion polypeptide are associated; and wherein the polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440 and the complement peptide are associated.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, RNA, etc.), oligonucleotides, vectors, etc., that code for any of the peptides, polypeptides, fusion proteins, etc., described herein. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid comprising or consisting of one of the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365 (coding for non-luminescent peptides) and/or SEQ ID NOS 441-2156 (coding for non-luminescent polypeptides) are provided. In some embodiments, other nucleic acid sequences coding for amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365 and/or SEQ ID NOS 441-2156 are provided.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides bioluminescent complexes comprising: (a) a peptide comprising a peptide amino acid sequence having less than 100% sequence identity (e.g., >99%, <95%, <90%, <80%, <70%, <60%, <50%, etc.) with SEQ ID NO: 2; and (b) a polypeptide comprising a polypeptide amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440, wherein the bioluminescent complex exhibits detectable luminescence. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides bioluminescent complexes comprising: (a) a peptide comprising a peptide amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2; and (b) a polypeptide comprising a polypeptide amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440, wherein the bioluminescent complex exhibits detectable luminescence. Although not limited to particular sequences, in some embodiments, the peptide amino acid sequence is selected from one of the amino acid sequences provided in SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365.

In various embodiments, bioluminescent complexes are provided that comprise: (a) a first amino acid sequence that is not a fragment of a preexisting protein; and (b) a second amino acid sequence that is not a fragment of a preexisting protein, wherein the bioluminescent complex exhibits detectable luminescence, wherein the first amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence are associated. Some such bioluminescent complexes further comprise: (c) a third amino acid sequence comprising a first member of an interaction pair, wherein the third amino acid sequence is covalently attached to the first amino acid sequence; and (d) a fourth amino acid sequence comprising a second member of an interaction pair, wherein the fourth amino acid sequence is covalently attached to the second amino acid sequence. In certain embodiments, interactions (e.g., non-covalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, etc.) covalent interactions (e.g., disulfide bonds), etc.) between the first amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence do not significantly associate the first amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence in the absence of the interactions between the first member and the second member of the interaction pair. In some embodiments, a first polypeptide chain comprises the first amino acid sequence and the third amino acid sequence, and wherein a second polypeptide chain comprises the second amino acid sequence and the fourth amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first polypeptide chain and the second polypeptide chain are expressed within a cell.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a bioluminescent complex comprising: (a) a pair of non-luminescent elements, wherein each non-luminescent element is not a fragment of a preexisting protein; (b) an interaction pair, wherein each interaction element of the interaction pair is covalently attached to one of the non-luminescent elements.

Various embodiments described herein provide methods of detecting an interaction between a first amino acid sequence and a second amino acid sequence comprising, for example, the steps of: (a) attaching the first amino acid sequence to a third amino acid sequence and attaching the second amino acid sequence to a fourth amino acid sequence, wherein the third and fourth amino acid sequences are not fragments of a preexisting protein, wherein a complex of the third and fourth amino acid sequences emits a detectable bioluminescent signal (e.g., substantially increased bioluminescence relative to the polypeptide chains separately), wherein the interactions (e.g., non-covalent) between the third and fourth amino acid sequences are insufficient to form, or only weakly form, a complex of the third and fourth amino acid sequences in the absence of additional stabilizing and/or aggregating conditions, and wherein a interaction between the first amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence provides the additional stabilizing and/or aggregating forces to produce a complex of the third and fourth amino acid sequences; (b) placing the first, second, third, and fourth amino acid sequences of step (a) in conditions to allow for interactions between the first amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence to occur; and (c) detecting the bioluminescent signal emitted by the complex of the third and fourth amino acid sequences, wherein detection of the bioluminescent signal indicates an interaction between the first amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, attaching the first amino acid sequence to the third amino acid sequence and the second amino acid sequence to the fourth amino acid sequence comprises forming a first fusion protein comprising the first amino acid sequence and the third amino acid sequence and forming a second fusion protein comprising the second amino acid sequence and the fourth amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first fusion protein and the second fusion protein further comprise linkers between said first and third amino acid sequences and said second and fourth amino acid sequences, respectively. In certain embodiments, the first fusion protein is expressed from a first nucleic acid sequence coding for the first and third amino acid sequences, and the second fusion protein is expressed from a second nucleic acid sequence coding for the second and fourth amino acid sequences. In some embodiments, a single vector comprises the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence. In other embodiments, the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are on separate vectors. In certain embodiments, the steps of (a) “attaching” and (b) “placing” comprise expressing the first and second fusion proteins within a cell.

Provided herein are methods of creating, producing, generating, and/or optimizing a pair of non-luminescent elements comprising: (a) aligning the sequences of three or more related proteins; (b) determining a consensus sequence for the related proteins; (c) providing first and second fragments of a protein related to three or more proteins (or providing first and second fragments of one of the three or more proteins), wherein the fragments are individually substantially non-luminescent but exhibit luminescence upon interaction of the fragments; (d) mutating the first and second fragments at one or more positions each, wherein the mutations alter the sequences of the fragments to be more similar to a corresponding portion of the consensus sequence (e.g., wherein the mutating results in a pair of non-luminescent elements that are not fragments of a preexisting protein), and (e) testing the pair of non-luminescent elements for the absence (e.g., essential absence, substantial absence, etc.) of luminescence when unassociated, and luminescence upon association of the non-luminescent pair into a bioluminescent complex. Examples of such a process are described in Examples 1-5. In some embodiments, the non-luminescent elements exhibit enhancement of one or more traits compared to the first and second fragments, wherein the traits are selected from: increased reconstitution affinity, decreased reconstitution affinity, enhanced expression, increased intracellular solubility, increased intracellular stability, and increased intensity of reconstituted luminescence.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides detection reagents comprising: (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced when the polypeptide contacts a peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, and (b) a substrate for a bioluminescent complex produced by the polypeptide and a peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the present invention provides detection reagents comprising: (a) a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced when the peptide contacts a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440, and (b) a substrate for a bioluminescent complex produced by the peptide and a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440. In some embodiments, the present invention provides detection reagents comprising: (a) a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced when the peptide contacts a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440, and (b) a substrate for a bioluminescent complex produced by the peptide and a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a graph depicting the effect of various mutations of the GVTGWRLCKRISA (SEQ ID NO: 236) peptide on luminescence resulting from complementation with SEQ ID NO: 440.

FIG. 2 shows a graph depicting the effect of various mutations of the SEQ ID NO: 440 polypeptide on luminescence resulting from complementation with GVTGWRLCKRISA (SEQ ID NO: 236) or GVTGWRLFKRISA (SEQ ID NO: 108) peptides.

FIG. 3 (top) shows the luminescence (RLUs) detected in each non-luminescent polypeptide (NLpoly) mutant containing a single glycine to alanine substitution and (bottom) shows the fold increase in luminescence over wild-type.

FIG. 4 (top) show the luminescence (RLUs) detected in each NLpoly mutant containing a composite of glycine to alanine substitutions and (bottom) shows the fold increase in luminescence over wild-type.

FIG. 5 shows a graph depicting the luminescence (RLUs) detected in HT-NLpeptide fusions.

FIG. 6 shows a graph depicting the luminescence (RLUs) detected in HT-NLpep fusions.

FIG. 7 shows a graph depicting the luminescence (RLUs) detected in NLpeptide-HT fusions.

FIG. 8 shows the luminescence (RLUs) generated by a luminescent complex after freeze-thaw cycles of non-luminescent peptide (NLpep).

FIG. 9 shows concentration normalized activity of peptides, and the TMR gel used to determine the relative concentrations.

FIG. 10 shows a graph of the luminescence of various mutations of residue R11 of NLpoly-5A2 in the presence of NLpep53 (top) and in the absence of complimentary peptide (bottom).

FIG. 11 shows a graph of the luminescence of various mutations of residue A15 of NLpoly 5A2 in the presence of NLpep53 (top) and in the absence of complimentary peptide (bottom).

FIG. 12 shows a graph of the luminescence of various mutations of residue L18 of NLpoly 5A2 in the presence of NLpep53 (top) and in the absence of complimentary peptide (bottom).

FIG. 13 shows a graph of the luminescence of various mutations of residue F31 of NLpoly 5A2 in the presence of NLpep53 (top) and in the absence of complimentary peptide (bottom).

FIG. 14 shows a graph of the luminescence of various mutations of residue V58 of NLpoly 5A2 in the presence of NLpep53 (top) and in the absence of complimentary peptide (bottom).

FIG. 15 shows a graph of the luminescence of various mutations of residue A67 of NLpoly 5A2 in the presence of NLpep53 (top) and in the absence of complimentary peptide (bottom).

FIG. 16 shows a graph of the luminescence of various mutations of residue M106 of NLpoly 5A2 in the presence of NLpep53 (top) and in the absence of complimentary peptide (bottom).

FIG. 17 shows a graph of the luminescence of various mutations of residue L149 of NLpoly 5A2 in the presence of NLpep53 (top) and in the absence of complimentary peptide (bottom).

FIG. 18 shows a graph of the luminescence of various mutations of residue V157 of NLpoly 5A2 in the presence of NLpep53 (top) and in the absence of complimentary peptide (bottom).

FIG. 19 shows a graph of the luminescence of NLpep-HT fusions.

FIG. 20 shows a graph of the luminescence of NLpep-HT fusions, and a TMR gel indicating their relative expression levels.

FIG. 21 shows a graph of the luminescence of NLpep-HT fusions.

FIG. 22 shows a graph of the luminescence of NLpoly 5A2 (top) and NLpoly5A2+R11E in the presence of various NLpeps (bottom).

FIG. 23 shows a graph of the luminescence of NLpep-HT fusions.

FIG. 24 shows a graph of the luminescence of NLpolys 1-13 with NLpep53 (top) and without complimentary peptide (bottom).

FIG. 25 shows a graph of the luminescence of various NLpolys with NLpep53 with NANOGLO or DMEM buffer and furimazine or coelenterazine substrate.

FIG. 26 shows a graph comparing luminescence in the presence of a ratio of furimazine with coelenterazine for various NLpolys and NLpep53.

FIG. 27 shows a graph comparing luminescence in the presence of a ratio of furimazine to coelenterazine for various NLpolys and NLpep53.

FIG. 28 shows a graph comparing luminescence in the presence of furimazine with coelenterazine for various NLpolys and NLpep53 in HEK293 cell lysate.

FIG. 29 shows a graph of the luminescence of various combinations of NLpoly and NLpep pairs in DMEM buffer with furimazine.

FIG. 30 shows a graph of the signal/background luminescence of various combinations of NLpoly and NLpep pairs in DMEM buffer with furimazine.

FIG. 31 shows a graph of luminescence and substrate specificity of various NLpoly mutants with NLpep69 using either furimazine or coelenterazine as a substrate.

FIG. 32 shows a comparison of luminescence and substrate specificity of various NLpoly mutants with NLpep69 using either furimazine or coelenterazine as a substrate, and under either lytic (bottom graph) or live cell (top graph) conditions.

FIG. 33 shows a comparison of luminescence and substrate specificity of NLpoly mutants with NLpep78 using either furimazine or coelenterazine as a substrate, and under either lytic (bottom graph) or live cell (top graph) conditions.

FIG. 34 shows a comparison of luminescence and substrate specificity of various NLpoly mutants with NLpep79 using either furimazine or coelenterazine as a substrate, and under either lytic (bottom graph) or live cell (top graph) conditions.

FIG. 35 shows graphs of the luminescence of NLpep78-HT (top) and NLpep79-HT (bottom) fusions in the presence of various NLpolys.

FIG. 36 shows a graph of the luminescence of various NLpolys in the absence of NLpep.

FIG. 37 shows graphs of the luminescence of NLpep78-HT (top) and NLpep79-HT (bottom) fusions in the presence of various NLpolys with either furimazine or coelenterazine substrates.

FIG. 38 shows a graph of the luminescence of NLpep78-HT with various NLpolys expressed in CHO and HeLa cells.

FIG. 39 shows graphs of raw and normalized luminescence from NLpoly fused to firefly luciferase expressed in HEK293, Hela, and CHO cell lysates.

FIG. 40 shows graphs of raw and normalized luminescence from NLpoly fused to click beetle red luciferase expressed in HEK293, Hela, and CHO cell lysates.

FIG. 41 shows a graphs of luminescence of complementation in live cells using either NLpoly wild-type or 5P.

FIG. 42 shows graphs of luminescence of cell-free complementation of NLpep78-HT fusion (top) and NLpep79-HT fusion (bottom) with various NLpolys.

FIG. 43 shows a graph of binding affinities for various combinations of NLpeps and NLpolys expressed in HeLa, HEK293 and CHO cell lysate.

FIG. 44 shows a graph of binding affinities for various combinations of NLpeps and NLpolys in PBS or NANOGLO buffer.

FIG. 45 shows a graph of binding affinities for NLpoly 5P with NLpep9 (SEQ ID NO: 236) or NLpep53 (SEQ ID NO: 324) expressed in HeLa, HEK293 or CHO cell lysate.

FIG. 46 shows a graph of luminescence of varying amounts of NLpolys in the absence of NLpep.

FIG. 47 shows a graph of background luminescence of various NLpoly variants.

FIG. 48 shows a graph of background luminescence of various NLpoly variants.

FIG. 49 shows a SDS-PAGE gel of total lysate and soluble fraction of several NLpoly variants

FIG. 50 shows (a) a SDS-PAGE gel of the total lysate and soluble fraction of NLpoly variants and (b) background luminescence of NLpoly variants.

FIG. 51 shows graphs of the luminescence generated with several NLpoly variants when complemented with 10 nm (right) or 100 nM (left) of NLpep78.

FIG. 52 shows graphs depicting background luminescence in E. coli lysate of various NLpoly variants.

FIG. 53 shows graphs depicting luminescence in E. coli lysate of various NLpoly variants complemented with NLpep78.

FIG. 54 shows graphs depicting luminescence in E. coli lysate of various NLpoly variants complemented with NLpep79.

FIG. 55 shows a graph of signal to background of various NLPolys variants complemented with NLpep78 or NLpep79 and normalized to NLpoly 5P.

FIG. 56 shows a graph depicting background, luminescence with NLpep79 (right) or NLpep78 (left) and signal-to-noise or various NLpoly variants.

FIG. 57 shows a SDS-PAGE gel of the total lysate and soluble fraction in various NLpoly 5P variants.

FIG. 58 shows (A) the amount of total lysate and soluble fraction of NLpoly 5P and NLpoly I107L, (B) luminescence generated by NLpoly 5P or NLpoly I107L without NLpep or with NLpep78 or NLpep79 and (C) the improved signal-to-background of NLpoly I107L over NLpoly 5P.

FIG. 59 shows graphs of luminescence for various NLpoly variants (A) without complementary peptide, (B) with NLpep78-HT and (C) with NLpep79-HT.

FIG. 60 shows graphs of luminescence for various NLpoly variants (A) without complementary peptide, (B) with NLpep78-HT and (C) with NLpep79-HT.

FIG. 61 shows graphs of luminescence for various NLpoly variants (A) without complementary peptide, (B) with NLpep78-HT and (C) with NLpep79-HT.

FIG. 62 shows graphs of luminescence for various NLpoly variants (A) without complementary peptide, (B) with NLpep78-HT and (C) with NLpep79-HT.

FIG. 63 shows binding affinity between an elongated NLpoly variant (additional amino acids at the C-terminus) and a shortened NLpep (deleted amino acids at the N-terminus).

FIG. 64 shows a graph of binding affinity of various NLpoly variants with NLpep78.

FIG. 65 shows the binding and Vmax of NLpep80 and NLpep87 to 5P expressed in mammalian cells (CHO, HEK293T and HeLa).

FIG. 66 shows the binding and Vmax of NLpep80 and NLpep87 to NLpoly 5P expressed in E. coli.

FIG. 67 shows a graph of luminescence of shortened NLpolys with elongated NLpeps.

FIG. 68 shows graphs of Kd and Vmax of NLpoly 5P in HeLa lysate with various complementary NLpeps.

FIG. 69 shows a graph of binding affinities for several NLpoly variants with NLpep81.

FIG. 70 shows a graph of binding affinities for several NLpoly variants with NLpep82.

FIG. 71 shows a graph of binding affinities for several NLpoly mutants with NLpep78.

FIG. 72 shows a graph of Michaelis constants for several NLpoly mutants with NLpep78.

FIG. 73 shows graphs of luminescence from a tertiary complementation of two NLpeps and NLpoly 5P-B9.

FIG. 74 shows a graph of luminescence of titration of NLpoly 5P with NLpep88-HT.

FIG. 75 shows images of intracellular localization of various NLpep fusions with HaloTag (HT).

FIG. 76 shows images of intracellular localization of NLpoly(wt) and NLpoly(5P).

FIG. 77 demonstrates the ability to detect via complementation an NLPep-conjugated protein of interest following separation by SDS-PAGE and transfer to a PVDF membrane.

FIG. 78 shows a graph of relative luminescent signal from various NLpoly variants compared to NLpoly 5P (in the absence of NLpep).

FIG. 79 shows a graph of relative luminescent signal over background from various NLpolys compared to NLpoly 5P (in the absence of NLpep).

FIG. 80 compares the dissociation constants for NLpeps consisting of either 1 (SEQ ID NO: 156) or 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2580) repeat units of NLpep78.

FIG. 81 shows the affinity between NLpoly 5A2 and NLpep86.

FIG. 82 shows graphs of the luminescence from NLpoly variants without NLpep, with NLpep78, and NLpep79.

FIG. 83-90 show the dissociation constants as well as the Vmax values for NLpoly 5A2, 5P, 8S and 11S with 96 variants of NLpeps. The upper graphs show the values for SEQ ID Nos: 2366-2413. The lower graphs show the values for SEQ ID NOs: 2414-2461.

FIG. 91 shows an image of a protein gel of total lysates and the soluble fraction of the same lysate for NLpoly variants.

FIG. 92 shows an image of a protein gel of total lysates and the soluble fraction of the same lysate for NLpoly variants as well as a table containing the dissociation constants for the same variants.

FIG. 93 shows the substrate specificity for NLpoly 5P and 11S with NLpep79 and demonstrates that NLpoly 11S has superior specificity for furimazine than 5P.

FIG. 94 shows an image of a protein gel that follows the affinity purification of NLpoly 8S through binding NLpep78.

FIG. 95 contains a table of the association and dissociation rate constants for the binding of NLpoly WT or NLpoly 11S to NLpepWT, 78 or 79.

FIG. 96 shows the Km values for various pairs of NLpoly/NLpep.

FIG. 97 compares the dissociation constant for NLpoly 11S/NLpep79 at sub-saturating and saturating concentrations of furimazine.

FIG. 98 compares the Km values for NLpoly 5A2 with NLpepWT, 78 and 79.

FIG. 99 shows the luminescence of NLpolys from various steps in the evolution process in the absence of NLpep.

FIG. 100 shows the improvement in luminescence from E. coli-derived NLpoly over the course of the evolution process with an overall ˜10⁵ improvement (from NLpolyWT:NLpepWT to NLpoly11S:NLpep80).

FIG. 101 shows the improvement in luminescence from HeLa-expressed NLpoly over the course of the evolution process with an overall ˜10⁵ improvement (from NLpolyWT:NLpepWT to NLpoly11S:NLpep80).

FIG. 102 shows the improvement in luminescence from HEK293 cell-expressed NLpoly over the course of the evolution process with an overall ˜10⁴ improvement (from NLpolyWT:NLpepWT to NLpoly11S:NLpep80).

FIG. 103 shows dissociation constants and demonstrates a ˜10⁴ fold improvement in binding affinity from NLpolyWT:NLpepWT to NLpoly11S:NLpep86.

FIG. 104 shows an image of a protein gel of total lysates and the soluble fraction of the same lysate for NLpoly variants from various steps of the evolution process.

FIG. 105 shows luminescence of various NLpolys in the absence of NLpep and in the presence of NLpep78 and NLpep79.

FIG. 106 shows luminescence of various NLpolys in the absence of NLpep and in the presence of NLpep78 and NLpep79.

FIG. 107 shows luminescence of various NLpolys in the absence of NLpep and in the presence of NLpep78 and NLpep79.

FIG. 108 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing different combinations of FRB and FKBP fused to NLpolySP and NLpep80/87 after 15 min treatment with rapamycin or vehicle. Fold induction refers to signal generated in the presence of rapamycin compared to signal generated with vehicle.

FIG. 109 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing different combinations of FRB and FKBP fused to NLpolySP and NLpep80/87 after 60 min treatment with rapamycin or vehicle.

FIG. 110 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing different combinations of FRB and FKBP fused to NLpolySP and NLpep80/87 after 120 min treatment with rapamycin or vehicle.

FIG. 111 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing different combinations of FRB and FKBP fused to NLpolySP and NLpep80/87 after 120 min treatment with rapamycin or vehicle. All 8 possible combinations of FRB and FKBP fused to NLpoly/NLpep were tested and less total DNA was used.

FIG. 112 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by FRB or FKBP fusions expressed in the absence of binding partner.

FIG. 113 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells transfected with varying amounts of FRB-NLpolySP and FKBP-NLpep80/87 DNA.

FIG. 114 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells transfected with varying amounts of FRB-NLpolySP or FKBP-NLpep80/87 DNA in the absence of binding partner.

FIG. 115 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells transfected with varying amounts of FRB-NLpolySP and FKBP-NLpep80/87 DNA. This example differs from FIG. 113 in that lower levels of DNA were used.

FIG. 116 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells transfected with varying amounts of FRB-NLpolySP or FKBP-NLpep80/87 DNA in the absence of binding partner. This differs from FIG. 114 in that lower levels of DNA were used.

FIG. 117 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells transfected with varying amounts of FRB-NLpolySP and FKBP-NLpep80 DNA after treatment with rapamycin for different lengths of time.

FIG. 118 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells transfected with varying amounts of FRB-NLpolySP and FKBP-NLpep87 DNA after treatment with rapamycin for different lengths of time.

FIG. 119 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing different combinations of FRB-NLpoly5P with FKBP-NLpep80/87/95/96/97. Assay was performed in both a two-day and three-day format.

FIG. 120 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing different combinations of FRB-NLpoly5A2 with FKBP-NLpep80/87/95/96/97. Assay was performed in both a two-day and three-day format.

FIG. 121 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing different combinations of FRB-NLpoly5A2 or FRB-NLpoly11S with FKBP-NLpep101/104/105/106/107/108/109/110.

FIG. 122 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells transfected with different combinations of FRB-NLpoly5A2 or FRB-NLpoly11S with FKBP-NLpep87/96/98/99/100/101/102/103.

FIG. 123 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells transfected with different levels of FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep87/101/102/107 DNA.

FIG. 124 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells transfected with different levels of FRB-NLpoly5A2 and FKBP-NLpep87/101/102/107 DNA.

FIG. 125 shows a rapamycin dose response curve showing luminescence of cells expressing FRB-NLpoly5P and FKBP-NLpep80/87 DNA.

FIG. 126 shows a rapamycin dose response curve showing luminescence of cells expressing FRB-NLpoly5A2 or FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep87/101 DNA.

FIG. 127 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing FRB-11S and FKBP-101 and treated with substrate PBI-4377 or furimazine.

FIG. 128 shows a rapamycin time course of cells expressing FRB-NLpoly11S/5A2 and FKBP-NLpep87/101 conducted in the presence or absence of rapamycin wherein the rapamycin was added manually.

FIG. 129 shows a rapamycin time course of cells expressing FRB-NLpoly11S/5A2 and FKBP-NLpep87/101 conducted in the presence or absence of rapamycin wherein the rapamycin was added via instrument injector.

FIG. 130 shows luminescence generated by FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 as measured on two different luminescence-reading instruments.

FIG. 131 provides images showing luminescence of cells expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 at various times after treatment with rapamycin.

FIG. 132 provides a graph showing Image J quantitation of the signal generated by individual cells expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 at various times after treatment with rapamycin.

FIG. 133 shows a comparison of luminescence in different cell lines expressing FRB-NLpoly 11S and FKBP-NLpep101.

FIG. 134 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 after treatment with the rapamycin competitive inhibitor FK506.

FIG. 135 shows (left side) luminescence generated by cells expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 after treatment with the rapamycin competitive inhibitor FK506, and (right side) the percent of luminescence remaining after treatment with FK506.

FIG. 136 shows luminescence generated by cells transfected with different combinations of V2R-NLpoly5A2 or V2R-NLpoly11S with NLpep87/101-ARRB2 in the presence or absence of the V2R agonist AVP.

FIG. 137 shows an AVP treatment time course showing luminescence generated by cells transfected with V2R-NLpoly11S and NLpep87/101-ARRB2 after treatment with AVP wherein AVP was added manually.

FIG. 138 shows an AVP treatment time course showing luminescence generated by cells transfected with different combinations of V2R-NLpoly5A2 or V2R-NLpoly11S with NLpep87/101-ARRB2 after treatment with AVP wherein AVP was added via instrument injector.

FIG. 139 shows an AVP treatment time course at 37° C. showing luminescence generated by cells expressing different configurations of V2R and ARRB2 fused to NLpoly11S and NLpep101 after treatment with AVP.

FIG. 140 shows a comparison of luminescence in different cell lines expressing V2R-NLpep11S and NLpep101-ARRB2.

FIG. 141 shows 60× images showing luminescence of cells expressing V2R-NLpoly11S and NLpep101-ARRB2 at various times after treatment with AVP.

FIG. 142 shows 150× images showing luminescence of cells expressing V2R-NLpoly11S and NLpep101-ARRB2 at various times after treatment with AVP.

FIG. 143 shows a protein gel of total lysates and the soluble fraction of the same lysate for NLpoly variants.

FIG. 144 shows the dissociation constants for NLpoly 5P and combinations of mutations at positions 31, 46, 75, 76, and 93 in NLpoly 5P.

FIG. 145 shows a transferase example of post translational modification enzyme activity detection using an NLpep and aminopeptidase.

FIG. 146 shows a hydrolase example of post translational modification enzyme activity detection using an NLpep and methyl-specific antibody.

FIG. 147 contains wavelength scans for NLpoly WT complemented with either NLpepWT or NLpepWT conjugated to TMR.

FIG. 148 contains wavelength scans for NanoLuc fused to HaloTag (NL-HT) and NLpoly 5A2 complemented with NLPepWT with 4 additional amino acids (DEVD) and conjugated to Non-chloroTOM (NCT) (SEQ ID NO: 2579).

FIG. 149 shows a schematic a tertiary interaction wherein the energy transfer with an NLpoly and NLpep can also be used to measure three molecules interacting. In the schematic, a GPCR labeled with an NLpoly and a GPCR interacting protein labeled with an NLpep form a bioluminescent complex when they interact. This allows measurement of the binary interaction. If a small molecule GPCR ligand bearing an appropriate fluorescent moiety for energy transfer interacts with this system, energy transfer will occur. Therefore, the binary protein-protein interaction and the ternary drug-protein-protein interaction can be measured in the same experiment.

FIG. 150 shows a graph and table of binding affinities of NLpoly11S to synthetic NLPep78 and NLPep78 at the N- or C-terminus of a fusion partner (HaloTag).

FIG. 151 shows a graph and table of binding affinities of NLpoly11S to synthetic NLPep79 and NLPep79 at the N- or C-terminus of a fusion partner (HaloTag).

FIG. 152 shows a graph depicting normalized fluorescence intensity of NLpoly11S with NLPep86 or PBI-4877.

FIG. 153 shows a graph depicting normalized fluorescence intensity of NLpoly11S with NLPep86 or PBI-5434.

FIG. 154 shows a graph depicting normalized fluorescence intensity of NLpoly11S with NLPep86 or PBI-5436.

FIG. 155 shows a graph demonstrating furimazine binding affinity in affinity buffer of complexes between NLpoly11S and NLpep86, 78, 99, 101, 104, 128 and 114.

FIG. 156 shows a graph demonstrating furimazine binding affinity in NanoGlo assay buffer of complexes between NLpoly11S and NLpep86, 78, 99, 101, 104, 128 and 114.

FIG. 157 shows graphs depicting the change in affinity (NLpoly156/NLPep1 and NLpoly11S/NLPep1) with increasing concentrations of furimazine substrate.

FIG. 158 shows graphs depicting the change in affinity (NLpoly156/NLPep1 and NLpoly11S/NLPep1) with increasing concentrations of NLPep1.

FIG. 159 shows a graph depicting Vmax and Bmax NLPoly156, NLPoly11S, and NanoLuc® luciferase (Nluc) with NLPep1.

FIG. 160 shows a graph depicting RLU as a function of NLPep concentration for NLPoly11S and NLPep86, 78, 79, 99, 101, 104, 114, 128 and wt.

FIG. 161 shows a Western blot depicting expression level in HEK293T cells of NLPoly156 and NLPoly11S compared to full-length NanoLuc® luciferase.

FIG. 162 shows graphs depicting a comparison of the affinity of the β-lactamase SME and its inhibitor BLIPY50A as unfused proteins or when fused to NLPoly11S and NLPep114.

FIG. 163 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing different combinations of FRB-NLpoly11S with FKBP-NLpep101/111-136

FIG. 164 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing different combinations of FRB-NLpoly11S with FKBP-NLpep114 and 137-143.

FIG. 165 shows rapamycin dose response curves of cells expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep78/79/99/101/104/114/128

FIG. 166 shows response of cells expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-78/79/99/101/104/114/128 to the rapamycin competitive inhibitor FK506

FIG. 167 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells transfected with different ratios of FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep114.

FIG. 168 shows a comparison of luminescence generated by cells expressing NLpoly11S/NLpep114 fusions of FRB/FKBP in different orientations and with different linker lengths.

FIG. 169 shows graphs depicting rapamycin (A) dose-specific and (B) time-specific induction of FRB-NLpoly11S/FKBP-NLpep114 or split firefly complementation signals.

FIG. 170 shows graphs depicting FK506(A) dose-specific and (B) time-specific inhibition of FRB-NLpoly11S/FKBP-NLpep114 or split firefly complementation signals.

FIG. 171 shows Western blots depicting similar expression levels of FKBP-NLpep114 and FKBP-Fluc(394-544) at equal levels of transfected DNA.

FIG. 172 shows graphs depicting (A) dose-specific and (B) time-specific inhibition of NLpoly11S-BRD4 and Histone H3.3-NLpep114 interaction by IBET-151.

FIG. 173 shows a graph depicting dose dependent increases in RAS/CRAF, BRAF/BRAF and CRAF/BRAF dimerization in response to BRAF inhibitor GDC0879.

FIG. 174 shows a graph depicting RLU as a function of NLPep concentration for NLpoly11S and NLpep86 (SEQ ID NO: 390), wt (SEQ ID NO: 2578), and NLpep114 (SEQ ID NO: 2271).

FIG. 175 shows a schematic of an assay utilizing a high affinity peptide of a luminescent pair as an intracellular protein tag and the polypeptide of the luminescent pair as a detection reagent.

FIG. 176 shows a graph demonstrating the linear range of the affinity of NLpoly11S and MLpep86.

FIG. 177 shows images demonstrating the sensitivity of detecting proteins tagged with a high affinity NLPep using 11S. This figure also compares the detection using NLPep/NLPoly to the detection using fluorescently labeled HaloTag.

FIG. 178 shows a graph demonstrating the stability of NLpoly11S.

FIG. 179 shows a graph demonstrating the linear range of the affinity of NLpoly11S and NLpep78.

FIG. 180 shows a summary of NLpep sequences. High affinity (spontaneous) peptides are those peptides (NLpep) which bind to NLpoly11S with high affinity. Dark/Quencher peptides are those peptides (NLpep) which can reduce the levels of light being produced or detected from NLpoly11S.

FIG. 181 shows a schematic for the concept of structural complementation where the LSP and SSP (i.e., NLpoly and NLpep) are brought together to produce a bioluminescent signal (panels A, B). Upon disruption of a protein interaction (i.e. X and Y), LSP and SSP come apart resulting in a decrease in luminescence (Panel C).

FIGS. 182A-B show two options (A, B) for engineering structural complementation to be a loss of signal upon protein interaction between X and Y and a gain of signal upon disruption of the interaction between X and Y. Option A represents intermolecular structural complementation. Option B represents intramolecular structural complementation. FIG. 182B shows a list of genetic constructs that could be suitable for intramolecular structural complementation.

FIG. 183 shows (A) inhibition of NLpoly11S and NLpep114 binding by various dark peptides, and (B) dose-dependent inhibition by Lys-162 and Gln-162 peptides.

FIG. 184 A shows that inhibition by Q-162 and A-162 is dose-dependent. Panel B shows that Q-162 produces a signal on its own in a dose-dependent manner, while the dose-dependency of A-162 is subtle at best.

FIG. 185 shows graphs demonstrating dose-response of the dark peptides with CP Nluc.

FIG. 186 shows graphs depicting a time course of dark peptide with CP Nluc.

FIG. 187 shows the dark peptide dose-dependent inhibition of luminescence generated from FRB-NLpoly11S alone and also between FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep114 in the presence and absence of rapamycin.

FIG. 188 shows the dark peptide dose-dependent inhibition of luminescence generated from either FRB-NanoLuc (311) or NanoLuc-FRB (307) in the presence and absence of rapamycin (RLU).

FIG. 189 shows the dark peptide dose-dependent inhibition of luminescence generated from either FRB-NanoLuc (311) or NanoLuc-FRB (307) in the presence and absence of rapamycin (normalized to no dark peptide control; 100%).

FIG. 190 shows that the dark peptides, when fused to FKBP, can compete with both low (114) and high (80) affinity peptides (also FKBP fusions) and as a result reduce the total luminescence being produced and detected in live cells.

FIG. 191 shows the signal comparison between Fluc and NLpep86-based assays for intracellular levels of Fluc. The table depicts SEQ ID Nos: 172, 390, and 2581-2585.

FIG. 192 shows graphs demonstrating the utility of tandem linked NLpeps in complementing Npoly11S.

FIG. 193 shows a graph demonstrating that NLpoly and NLpep components do not interfere with intracellular degradation of reporter protein FlucP.

FIG. 194 shows a schematic demonstrating and extracellular protease activity assay.

FIG. 195 shows a schematic of an assay for measuring the activity of an enzyme using a ProNLpep.

FIG. 196 shows a schematic of an assay for screening antibodies, proteins, peptides or transporters that mediate cellular internalization.

FIG. 197 shows a schematic of a post-translational modification transferase assay.

FIG. 198 shows a schematic of a post-translational modification hydrolase assay.

FIG. 199 shows graphs correlating Tyrosine Kinase SRC activity with luminescence over background in a post-translational modification assay.

FIG. 200 shows a graph depicting spontaneous complementation of three different versions of NLpoly11S with twelve synthetic peptides.

FIG. 201 shows a schematic of a homogeneous immunoassay format utilizing fusions of NLpep and NLpoly with separate binding moieties A and B.

FIG. 202 shows graphs demonstrating: (A) reduction in background luminescence from NLpoly11S upon complex formation with GWALFKK (SEQ ID NO: 2351) and Dabcyl-GWALFKK (SEQ ID NO: 2351), and (B) NLpep86 forms a complex with NLpoly11S in the presence of GWALFKK (SEQ ID NO: 2351) and Dabcyl-GWALFKK (SEQ ID NO: 2351).

FIG. 203 shows graphs demonstrating: (A) VTGWALFEEIL (SEQ ID NO: 2372) (Trp 11mer) and VTGYALFEEIL (SEQ ID NO: 2355) (Tyr 11mer) induce luminescence over background (NLpoly11S alone; no peptide control), and that the N-terminal Dabcyl versions of each provide significant quenching of this signal, and (B) that NLpep86 forms a complex with NLpoly11S in the presence of Dabcyl versions of Trp 11mer and Tyr 11mer.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, the term “substantially” means that the recited characteristic, parameter, and/or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviations or variations, including for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to skill in the art, may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the characteristic was intended to provide. A characteristic or feature that is substantially absent (e.g., substantially non-luminescent) may be one that is within the noise, beneath background, below the detection capabilities of the assay being used, or a small fraction (e.g., <1%, <0.1%, <0.01%, <0.001%, <0.00001%, <0.000001%, <0.0000001%) of the significant characteristic (e.g., luminescent intensity of a bioluminescent protein or bioluminescent complex).

As used herein, the term “bioluminescence” refers to production and emission of light by a chemical reaction catalyzed by, or enabled by, an enzyme, protein, protein complex, or other biomolecule (e.g., bioluminescent complex). In typical embodiments, a substrate for a bioluminescent entity (e.g., bioluminescent protein or bioluminescent complex) is converted into an unstable form by the bioluminescent entity; the substrate subsequently emits light.

As used herein the term “complementary” refers to the characteristic of two or more structural elements (e.g., peptide, polypeptide, nucleic acid, small molecule, etc.) of being able to hybridize, dimerize, or otherwise form a complex with each other. For example, a “complementary peptide and polypeptide” are capable of coming together to form a complex. Complementary elements may require assistance to form a complex (e.g., from interaction elements), for example, to place the elements in the proper conformation for complementarity, to co-localize complementary elements, to lower interaction energy for complementary, etc.

As used herein, the term “complex” refers to an assemblage or aggregate of molecules (e.g., peptides, polypeptides, etc.) in direct and/or indirect contact with one another. In one aspect, “contact,” or more particularly, “direct contact” means two or more molecules are close enough so that attractive noncovalent interactions, such as Van der Waal forces, hydrogen bonding, ionic and hydrophobic interactions, and the like, dominate the interaction of the molecules. In such an aspect, a complex of molecules (e.g., a peptide and polypeptide) is formed under assay conditions such that the complex is thermodynamically favored (e.g., compared to a non-aggregated, or non-complexed, state of its component molecules). As used herein the term “complex,” unless described as otherwise, refers to the assemblage of two or more molecules (e.g., peptides, polypeptides or a combination thereof).

As used herein, the term “non-luminescent” refers to an entity (e.g., peptide, polypeptide, complex, protein, etc.) that exhibits the characteristic of not emitting a detectable amount of light in the visible spectrum (e.g., in the presence of a substrate). For example, an entity may be referred to as non-luminescent if it does not exhibit detectable luminescence in a given assay. As used herein, the term “non-luminescent” is synonymous with the term “substantially non-luminescent. For example, a non-luminescent polypeptide (NLpoly) is substantially non-luminescent, exhibiting, for example, a 10-fold or more (e.g., 100-fold, 200-fold, 500-fold, 1×10³-fold, 1×10⁴-fold, 1×10⁵-fold, 1×10⁶-fold, 1×10⁷-fold, etc.) reduction in luminescence compared to a complex of the NLpoly with its non-luminescent complement peptide. In some embodiments, an entity is “non-luminescent” if any light emission is sufficiently minimal so as not to create interfering background for a particular assay.

As used herein, the terms “non-luminescent peptide” (e.g., NLpep) and “non-luminescent polypeptide” (e.g., NLpoly) refer to peptides and polypeptides that exhibit substantially no luminescence (e.g., in the presence of a substrate), or an amount that is beneath the noise, or a 10-fold or more (e.g., 100-fold, 200-fold, 500-fold, 1×10³-fold, 1×10⁴-fold, 1×10⁵-fold, 1×10⁶-fold, 1×10⁷-fold, etc.) when compared to a significant signal (e.g., luminescent complex) under standard conditions (e.g., physiological conditions, assay conditions, etc.) and with typical instrumentation (e.g., luminometer, etc.). In some embodiments, such non-luminescent peptides and polypeptides assemble, according to the criteria described herein, to form a bioluminescent complex. As used herein, a “non-luminescent element” is a non-luminescent peptide or non-luminescent polypeptide. The term “bioluminescent complex” refers to the assembled complex of two or more non-luminescent peptides and/or non-luminescent polypeptides. The bioluminescent complex catalyzes or enables the conversion of a substrate for the bioluminescent complex into an unstable form; the substrate subsequently emits light. When uncomplexed, two non-luminescent elements that form a bioluminescent complex may be referred to as a “non-luminescent pair.” If a bioluminescent complex is formed by three or more non-luminescent peptides and/or non-luminescent polypeptides, the uncomplexed constituents of the bioluminescent complex may be referred to as a “non-luminescent group.”

As used herein, the term “interaction element” refers to a moiety that assists in bringing together a pair of non-luminescent elements or a non-luminescent group to form a bioluminescent complex. In a typical embodiment, a pair of interaction elements (a.k.a. “interaction pair”) is attached to a pair of non-luminescent elements (e.g., non-luminescent peptide/polypeptide pair), and the attractive interaction between the two interaction elements facilitates formation of the bioluminescent complex; although the present invention is not limited to such a mechanism, and an understanding of the mechanism is not required to practice the invention. Interaction elements may facilitate formation of the bioluminescent complex by any suitable mechanism (e.g., bringing non-luminescent pair/group into close proximity, placing a non-luminescent pair/group in proper conformation for stable interaction, reducing activation energy for complex formation, combinations thereof, etc.). An interaction element may be a protein, polypeptide, peptide, small molecule, cofactor, nucleic acid, lipid, carbohydrate, antibody, etc. An interaction pair may be made of two of the same interaction elements (i.e. homopair) or two different interaction elements (i.e. heteropair). In the case of a heteropair, the interaction elements may be the same type of moiety (e.g., polypeptides) or may be two different types of moieties (e.g., polypeptide and small molecule). In some embodiments, in which complex formation by the interaction pair is studied, an interaction pair may be referred to as a “target pair” or a “pair of interest,” and the individual interaction elements are referred to as “target elements” (e.g., “target peptide,” “target polypeptide,” etc.) or “elements of interest” (e.g., “peptide of interest,” “polypeptide or interest,” etc.).

As used herein, the term “preexisting protein” refers to an amino acid sequence that was in physical existence prior to a certain event or date. A “peptide that is not a fragment of a preexisting protein” is a short amino acid chain that is not a fragment or sub-sequence of a protein (e.g., synthetic or naturally-occurring) that was in physical existence prior to the design and/or synthesis of the peptide.

As used herein, the term “fragment” refers to a peptide or polypeptide that results from dissection or “fragmentation” of a larger whole entity (e.g., protein, polypeptide, enzyme, etc.), or a peptide or polypeptide prepared to have the same sequence as such. Therefore, a fragment is a subsequence of the whole entity (e.g., protein, polypeptide, enzyme, etc.) from which it is made and/or designed. A peptide or polypeptide that is not a subsequence of a preexisting whole protein is not a fragment (e.g., not a fragment of a preexisting protein). A peptide or polypeptide that is “not a fragment of a preexisting bioluminescent protein” is an amino acid chain that is not a subsequence of a protein (e.g., natural or synthetic) that: (1) was in physical existence prior to design and/or synthesis of the peptide or polypeptide, and (2) exhibits substantial bioluminescent activity.

As used herein, the term “subsequence” refers to peptide or polypeptide that has 100% sequence identify with another, larger peptide or polypeptide. The subsequence is a perfect sequence match for a portion of the larger amino acid chain.

As used herein, the term “sequence identity” refers to the degree two polymer sequences (e.g., peptide, polypeptide, nucleic acid, etc.) have the same sequential composition of monomer subunits. The term “sequence similarity” refers to the degree with which two polymer sequences (e.g., peptide, polypeptide, nucleic acid, etc.) have similar polymer sequences. For example, similar amino acids are those that share the same biophysical characteristics and can be grouped into the families, e.g., acidic (e.g., aspartate, glutamate), basic (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), non-polar (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) and uncharged polar (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, serine, threonine, tyrosine). The “percent sequence identity” (or “percent sequence similarity”) is calculated by: (1) comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a window of comparison (e.g., the length of the longer sequence, the length of the shorter sequence, a specified window), (2) determining the number of positions containing identical (or similar) monomers (e.g., same amino acids occurs in both sequences, similar amino acid occurs in both sequences) to yield the number of matched positions, (3) dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the comparison window (e.g., the length of the longer sequence, the length of the shorter sequence, a specified window), and (4) multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percent sequence identity or percent sequence similarity. For example, if peptides A and B are both 20 amino acids in length and have identical amino acids at all but 1 position, then peptide A and peptide B have 95% sequence identity. If the amino acids at the non-identical position shared the same biophysical characteristics (e.g., both were acidic), then peptide A and peptide B would have 100% sequence similarity. As another example, if peptide C is 20 amino acids in length and peptide D is 15 amino acids in length, and 14 out of 15 amino acids in peptide D are identical to those of a portion of peptide C, then peptides C and D have 70% sequence identity, but peptide D has 93.3% sequence identity to an optimal comparison window of peptide C. For the purpose of calculating “percent sequence identity” (or “percent sequence similarity”) herein, any gaps in aligned sequences are treated as mismatches at that position.

As used herein, the term “physiological conditions” encompasses any conditions compatible with living cells, e.g., predominantly aqueous conditions of a temperature, pH, salinity, chemical makeup, etc. that are compatible with living cells.

As used herein, the term “sample” is used in its broadest sense. In one sense, it is meant to include a specimen or culture obtained from any source, as well as biological and environmental samples. Biological samples may be obtained from animals (including humans) and encompass fluids, solids, tissues, and gases. Biological samples include blood products, such as plasma, serum and the like. Sample may also refer to cell lysates or purified forms of the peptides and/or polypeptides described herein. Cell lysates may include cells that have been lysed with a lysing agent or lysates such as rabbit reticulocyte or wheat germ lysates. Sample may also include cell-free expression systems. Environmental samples include environmental material such as surface matter, soil, water, crystals and industrial samples. Such examples are not however to be construed as limiting the sample types applicable to the present invention.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the terms “peptide” and “polypeptide” refer to polymer compounds of two or more amino acids joined through the main chain by peptide amide bonds (—C(O)NH—). The term “peptide” typically refers to short amino acid polymers (e.g., chains having fewer than 25 amino acids), whereas the term “polypeptide” typically refers to longer amino acid polymers (e.g., chains having more than 25 amino acids).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The study of protein interactions, particularly under physiological conditions and/or at physiologic expression levels, requires high sensitivity. In particular embodiments described herein, protein interactions with small molecules, nucleic acids, other proteins, etc. are detected based on the association of two non-luminescent elements that come together to from a bioluminescent complex capable of producing a detectable signal (e.g., luminescence). The formation of the bioluminescent complex is dependent upon the protein interaction that is being monitored.

Provided herein are compositions and methods for the assembly of a bioluminescent complex from two or more non-luminescent peptide and/or polypeptide units (e.g., non-luminescent pair). In some embodiments, the non-luminescent peptide and/or polypeptide units are not fragments of a preexisting protein (e.g., are not complementary subsequences of a known polypeptide sequence). In particular, bioluminescent activity is conferred upon a non-luminescent polypeptide via structural complementation with a non-luminescent peptide.

In some embodiments, provided herein are non-luminescent pairs for use in detecting and monitoring molecular interactions (e.g., protein-protein, protein-DNA, protein-RNA interactions, RNA-DNA, protein-small molecule, RNA-small-molecule, etc.). Also provided herein are complementary panels of interchangeable non-luminescent elements (e.g., peptides and polypeptides) that have variable affinities and luminescence upon formation of the various bioluminescent complexes (e.g., a high-affinity/high-luminescence pair, a moderate-affinity/high-luminescence pair, a low-affinity/moderate-luminescence pair, etc.). Utilizing different combinations of non-luminescent elements provides an adaptable system comprising various pairs ranging from lower to higher affinities, luminescence and other variable characteristics. This adaptability allows the detection/monitoring of molecular interactions to be fine-tuned to the specific molecule(s) of interest and expands the range of molecular interactions that can be monitored to include interactions with very high or low affinities. Further provided herein are methods by which non-luminescent pairs (or groups) and panels of non-luminescent pairs (or groups) are developed and tested.

In some embodiments, the interaction between the peptide/polypeptide members of the non-luminescent pair alone is insufficient to form the bioluminescent complex and produce the resulting bioluminescent signal. However, if an interaction element is attached to each peptide/polypeptide member of the non-luminescent pair, then the interactions of the interaction pair (e.g., to form an interaction complex) facilitate formation of the bioluminescent complex. In such embodiments, the bioluminescent signal from the bioluminescent complex (or the capacity to produce such a signal in the presence of substrate) serves as a reporter for the formation of the interaction complex. If an interaction complex is formed, then a bioluminescent complex is formed, and a bioluminescent signal is detected/measured/monitored (e.g., in the presence of substrate). If an interaction complex fails to form (e.g., due to unfavorable conditions, due to unstable interaction between the interaction elements, due to incompatible interaction elements), then a bioluminescent complex does not form, and a bioluminescent signal is not produced.

In certain embodiments, the interaction pair comprises two molecules of interest (e.g., proteins of interest). For example, assays can be performed to detect the interaction of two molecules of interest by tethering each one to a separate member of a non-luminescent pair. If the molecules of interest interact (e.g., transiently interact, stably interact, etc.), the non-luminescent pair is brought into close proximity in a suitable conformation and a bioluminescent complex is formed (and bioluminescent signal is produced/detected (in the presence of substrate)). In the absence of an interaction between the molecules of interest (e.g., no complex formation, not even transient interaction, etc.), the non-luminescent pair does not interact in a sufficient manner, and a bioluminescent signal is not produced or only weakly produced. Such embodiments can be used to study the effect of inhibitors on complex formation, the effect of mutations on complex formation, the effect of conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, etc.) on complex formation, the interaction of a small molecule (e.g., potential therapeutic) with a target molecule, etc.

Different non-luminescent pairs may require different strength, duration and/or stability of the interaction complex to result in bioluminescent complex formation. In some embodiments, a stable interaction complex is required to produce a detectable bioluminescent signal. In other embodiments, even a weak or transient interaction complex results in bioluminescent complex formation. In some embodiments, the strength or extent of an interaction complex is directly proportional to the strength of the resulting bioluminescent signal. Some non-luminescent pairs produce a detectable signal when combined with an interaction complex with a high millimolar dissociation constant (e.g., K_(d)>100 mM). Other non-luminescent pairs require an interaction pair with a low millimolar (e.g., K_(d)<100 mM), micromolar (e.g., K_(d)<1 mM), nanomolar (e.g., K_(d)<1 μM), or even picomolar (e.g., K_(d)<1 nM) dissociation constant in order to produce a bioluminescent complex with a detectable signal.

In some embodiments, one or more of the non-luminescent peptides/polypeptides are not fragments of a pre-existing protein. In some embodiments, one or more of the non-luminescent peptides/polypeptides are not fragments of a pre-existing bioluminescent protein. In some embodiments, neither/none of the non-luminescent peptides/polypeptides are fragments of a pre-existing protein. In some embodiments, neither/none of the non-luminescent peptides/polypeptides are fragments of a pre-existing bioluminescent protein. In some embodiments, neither the non-luminescent peptide nor non-luminescent polypeptide that assemble together to form a bioluminescent complex are fragments of a pre-existing protein. In some embodiments, a non-luminescent element for use in embodiments of the present invention is not a subsequence of a preexisting protein. In some embodiments, a non-luminescent pair for use in embodiments described herein does not comprise complementary subsequences of a preexisting protein.

In some embodiments, non-luminescent peptides/polypeptides are substantially non-luminescent in isolation. In certain embodiments, when placed in suitable conditions (e.g., physiological conditions), non-luminescent peptides/polypeptides interact to form a bioluminescent complex and produce a bioluminescent signal in the presence of substrate. In other embodiments, without the addition of one or more interaction elements (e.g., complementary interaction elements attached to the component non-luminescent peptide and non-luminescent polypeptide), non-luminescent peptides/polypeptides are unable to form a bioluminescent complex or only weakly form a complex. In such embodiments, non-luminescent peptides/polypeptides are substantially non-luminescent in each other's presence alone, but produce significant detectable luminescence when aggregated, associated, oriented, or otherwise brought together by interaction elements. In some embodiments, without the addition of one or more interaction elements (e.g., complementary interaction elements attached to the component peptide and polypeptide), peptides and/or polypeptides that assemble into the bioluminescent complex produce a low level of luminescence in each other's presence, but undergo a significant increase in detectable luminescence when aggregated, associated, oriented, or otherwise brought together by interaction elements.

In some embodiments, compositions and methods described herein comprise one or more interaction elements. In a typical embodiment, an interaction element is a moiety (e.g., peptide, polypeptide, protein, small molecule, nucleic acid, lipid, carbohydrate, etc.) that is attached to a peptide and/or polypeptide to assemble into the bioluminescent complex. The interaction element facilitates the formation of a bioluminescent complex by any suitable mechanism, including: interacting with one or both non-luminescent elements, inducing a conformational change in a non-luminescent element, interacting with another interaction element (e.g., an interaction element attached to the other non-luminescent element), bringing non-luminescent elements into close proximity, orienting non-luminescent elements for proper interaction, etc.

In some embodiments, one or more interaction elements are added to a solution containing the non-luminescent elements, but are not attached to the non-luminescent elements. In such embodiments, the interaction element(s) interact with the non-luminescent elements to induce formation of the bioluminescent complex or create conditions suitable for formation of the bioluminescent complex. In other embodiments, a single interaction element is attached to one member of a non-luminescent pair. In such embodiments, the lone interaction element interacts with one or both of the non-luminescent elements to create favorable interactions for formation of the bioluminescent complex. In typical embodiments of the present invention, one interaction element is attached to each member of a non-luminescent pair. Favorable interactions between the interaction elements facilitate interactions between the non-luminescent elements. The interaction pair may stably interact, transiently interact, form a complex, etc. The interaction of the interaction pair facilitates interaction of the non-luminescent elements (and formation of a bioluminescent complex) by any suitable mechanism, including, but not limited to: bringing the non-luminescent pair members into close proximity, properly orienting the non-luminescent pair members from interaction, reducing non-covalent forces acting against non-luminescent pair interaction, etc.

In some embodiments, an interaction pair comprises any two chemical moieties that facilitate interaction of an associated non-luminescent pair. An interaction pair may consist of, for example: two complementary nucleic acids, two polypeptides capable of dimerization (e.g., homodimer, heterodimer, etc.), a protein and ligand, protein and small molecule, an antibody and epitope, a reactive pair of small molecules, etc. Any suitable pair of interacting molecules may find use as an interaction pair.

In some embodiments, an interaction pair comprises two molecules of interest (e.g., proteins of interest) or target molecules. In some embodiments, compositions and methods herein provide useful assays (e.g., in vitro, in vivo, in situ, whole animal, etc.) for studying the interactions between a pair of target molecules.

In certain embodiments, a pair off interaction elements, each attached to one of the non-luminescent elements, interact with each other and thereby facilitate formation of the bioluminescent complex. In some embodiments, the presence of a ligand, substrate, co-factor or addition interaction element (e.g., not attached to non-luminescent element) is necessary to induce the interaction between the interaction elements and facilitate bioluminescent complex formation. In some embodiments, detecting a signal from the bioluminescent complex indicates the presence of the ligand, substrate, co-factor or addition interaction element or conditions that allow for interaction with the interaction elements.

In some embodiments, a pair off interaction elements, and a pair of non-luminescent elements are all present in a single amino acid chain (e.g., (interaction element 1)-NLpep-(interaction element 2)-NLpoly, NLpoly-(interaction element 1)-NLpep-(interaction element 2), NLpoly-(interaction element 1)-(interaction element 2)-NLpep, etc.). In some embodiments in which a pair off interaction elements, and a pair of non-luminescent elements are all present in a single amino acid chain, a ligand, substrate, co-factor or addition interaction element is required for the interaction pair to form an interaction complex and facilitate formation of the bioluminescent complex.

In certain embodiments, an interaction element and a non-luminescent element are attached, fused, linked, connected, etc. In typical embodiments, a first non-luminescent element and a first interaction element are attached to each other, and a second non-luminescent element and a second interaction element are attached to each other. Attachment of signal and interaction elements may be achieved by any suitable mechanism, chemistry, linker, etc. The interaction and non-luminescent elements are typically attached through covalent connection, but non-covalent linking of the two elements is also provided. In some embodiments, the signal and interaction elements are directly connected and, in other embodiments, they are connected by a linker.

In some embodiments, in which the interaction element is a peptide or polypeptide, the signal and interaction elements are contained within a single amino acid chain. In some embodiments, a single amino acid chain comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a non-luminescent element and interaction element. In some embodiments, a single amino acid chain comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a non-luminescent element, an interaction element, and optionally one or more an N-terminal sequence, a C-terminal sequence, regulatory elements (e.g., promoter, translational start site, etc.), and a linker sequence. In some embodiments, the signal and interaction elements are contained within a fusion polypeptide. The signal and interaction elements (and any other amino acid segments to be included in the fusion) may be expressed separately; however, in other embodiments, a fusion protein is expressed that comprises or consist of both the interaction and signal sequences.

In some embodiments, a first fusion protein comprising a first non-luminescent element and first interaction element as well as a second fusion protein comprising a second non-luminescent element and second interaction element are expressed within the same cells. In such embodiments, the first and second fusion proteins are purified and/or isolated from the cells, or the interaction of the fusion proteins is assayed within the cells. In other embodiments, first and second fusion proteins are expressed in separate cells and combined (e.g., following purification and/or isolation, or following fusion of the cells or portions of the cells, or by transfer of a fusion protein from one cell to another, or by secretion of one or more fusion proteins into the extracellular medium) for signal detection. In some embodiments, one or more fusion proteins are expressed in cell lysate (e.g., rabbit reticulocyte lysate) or in a cell-free system. In some embodiments, one or more fusion proteins are expressed from the genome of a virus or other cellular pathogen.

In certain embodiments, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, vectors, etc. are provided that encode peptide, polypeptides, fusion polypeptide, fusion proteins, etc. of the present invention. Such nucleic acids and vectors may be used for expression, transformation, transfection, injection, etc.

In some embodiments, a non-luminescent element and interaction element are connected by a linker. In some embodiments, a linker connects the signal and interaction elements while providing a desired amount of space/distance between the elements. In some embodiments, a linker allows both the signal and interaction elements to form their respective pairs (e.g., non-luminescent pair and interaction pair) simultaneously. In some embodiments, a linker assists the interaction element in facilitating the formation of a non-luminescent pair interaction. In some embodiments, when an interaction pair is formed, the linkers that connect each non-luminescent element to their respective interaction elements position the non-luminescent elements at the proper distance and conformation to form a bioluminescent complex. In some embodiments, an interaction element and non-luminescent element are held in close proximity (e.g., <4 monomer units) by a linker. In some embodiments, a linker provides a desired amount of distance (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 . . . 10 . . . 20, or more monomer units) between signal and interaction elements (e.g., to prevent undesirable interactions between signal and interaction elements, for steric considerations, to allow proper orientation of non-luminescent element upon formation of interaction complex, to allow propagation of a complex-formation from interaction complex to non-luminescent elements, etc.). In certain embodiments, a linker provides appropriate attachment chemistry between the signal and interaction elements. A linker may also improve the synthetic process of making the signal and interaction element (e.g., allowing them to be synthesized as a single unit, allowing post synthesis connection of the two elements, etc.).

In some embodiments, a linker is any suitable chemical moiety capable of linking, connecting, or tethering a non-luminescent element to an interaction element. In some embodiments, a linker is a polymer of one or more repeating or non-repeating monomer units (e.g., nucleic acid, amino acid, carbon-containing polymer, carbon chain, etc.). When a non-luminescent element and interaction element are part of a fusion protein, a linker (when present) is typically an amino acid chain. When a non-luminescent element and interaction element are tethered together after the expression of the individual elements, a linker may comprise any chemical moiety with functional (or reactive) groups at either end that are reactive with functional groups on the signal and interaction elements, respectively. Any suitable moiety capable of tethering the signal and interaction elements may find use as a linker.

A wide variety of linkers may be used. In some embodiments, the linker is a single covalent bond. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a linear or branched, cyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or unsaturated, structure having 1-20 nonhydrogen atoms (e.g., C, N, P, O and S) and is composed of any combination of alkyl, ether, thioether, imine, carboxylic, amine, ester, carboxamide, sulfonamide, hydrazide bonds and aromatic or heteroaromatic bonds. In some embodiments, linkers are longer than 20 nonhydrogen atoms (e.g. 21 non-hydrogen atoms, 25 non-hydrogen atoms, 30 non-hydrogen atoms, 40 non-hydrogen atoms, 50 non-hydrogen atoms, 100 non-hydrogen atoms, etc.) In some embodiments, the linker comprises 1-50 non-hydrogen atoms (in addition to hydrogen atoms) selected from the group of C, N, P, O and S (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 non-hydrogen atoms).

The present invention is not limited by the types of linkers available. The signal and interaction elements are linked, either directly (e.g. linker consists of a single covalent bond) or linked via a suitable linker. The present invention is not limited to any particular linker group. A variety of linker groups are contemplated, and suitable linkers could comprise, but are not limited to, alkyl groups, methylene carbon chains, ether, polyether, alkyl amide linker, a peptide linker, a modified peptide linker, a Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker, a streptavidin-biotin or avidin-biotin linker, polyaminoacids (e.g. polylysine), functionalised PEG, polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, dendritic polymers (WO93/06868 and by Tomalia et al. in Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 29:138-175 (1990), herein incorporated by reference in their entireties), PEG-chelant polymers (W94/08629, WO94/09056 and WO96/26754, herein incorporated by reference in their entireties), oligonucleotide linker, phospholipid derivatives, alkenyl chains, alkynyl chains, disulfide, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the linker is cleavable (e.g., enzymatically (e.g., TEV protease site), chemically, photoinduced, etc.

In some embodiments, substantially non-luminescent peptides and polypeptides are provided with less than 100% sequence identity and/or similarity to any portion of an existing luciferase (e.g., a firefly luciferase, a Renilla luciferase, an Oplophorus luciferase, enhanced Oplophorus luciferases as described in U.S. Pat. App. 2010/0281552 and U.S. Pat. App. 2012/0174242, herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). Certain embodiments of the present invention involve the formation of bioluminescent complexes of non-luminescent peptides and polypeptides with less than 100% sequence identity with all or a portion (e.g., 8 or more amino acids, less than about 25 amino acids for peptides) of SEQ ID NO: 2157 (e.g., complete NANOLUC sequence). Certain embodiments of the present invention involve the formation of bioluminescent complexes of non-luminescent peptides and polypeptides with less than 100%, but more than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity with all or a portion (e.g., 8 or more amino acids, less than about 25 amino acids for peptides) of SEQ ID NO: 2157 (e.g., complete NANOLUC sequence). In some embodiments, non-luminescent peptides and polypeptides are provided with less than 100% sequence similarity with a portion (e.g., 8 or more amino acids, less than about 25 amino acids for peptides) of SEQ ID NO: 2157 (e.g., peptides and polypeptides that interact to form bioluminescent complexes). In some embodiments, non-luminescent peptides and polypeptides are provided with less than 100%, but more than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence similarity with a portion (e.g., 8 or more amino acids, less than about 25 amino acids for peptides) of SEQ ID NO: 2157 (e.g., peptides and polypeptides that interact to form bioluminescent complexes). Non-luminescent peptides are provided that have less than 100% sequence identity and/or similarity with about a 25 amino acid or less portion of SEQ ID NO: 2157, wherein such peptides form a bioluminescent complex when combined under appropriate conditions (e.g., stabilized by an interaction pair) with a polypeptide having less than 100%, but more than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity and/or similarity with another portion SEQ ID NO: 2157. Non-luminescent peptides are provided that have less than 100% sequence identity and/or similarity with about a 25 amino acid or less portion of SEQ ID NO: 2157, wherein such peptides form a bioluminescent complex when combined under appropriate conditions (e.g., stabilized by an interaction pair) with a polypeptide having less than 100%, but more than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity and/or similarity with another portion SEQ ID NO: 2157. Non-luminescent peptides are provided that have less than 100%, but more than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity and/or similarity with about a 25 amino acid or less portion of SEQ ID NO: 2157, wherein such peptides form a bioluminescent complex when combined under appropriate conditions (e.g., stabilized by an interaction pair) with a polypeptide having less than 100%, but more than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity and/or similarity with another portion SEQ ID NO: 2157. Similarly, non-luminescent polypeptides are provided that have less than 100%, but more than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity or similarity with a portion of SEQ ID NO: 2157, wherein such polypeptides form a bioluminescent complex when combined under appropriate conditions (e.g., stabilized by an interaction pair) with a peptide having less than 100%, but optionally more than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity and/or similarity with another portion SEQ ID NO: 2157. In some embodiments, non-luminescent peptides with less than 100 sequence identity or similarity with SEQ ID NO: 2 are provided. In some embodiments, non-luminescent peptides with less than 100%, but more than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity or similarity with SEQ ID NO: 2 are provided. In some embodiments, non-luminescent polypeptides with less than 100 sequence identity or similarity with SEQ ID NO: 440 are provided.

In some embodiments, non-luminescent polypeptides with less than 100%, but more than 40% (e.g., >40%, >45%, >50%, >55%, >60%, >65%, >70%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >95%, >98%, >99%) sequence identity or similarity with SEQ ID NO: 440 are provided.

In some embodiments, non-luminescent peptides that find use in embodiments of the present invention include peptides with one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, or additions from GVTGWRLCKRISA (SEQ ID NO: 236). In some embodiments, the present invention provides peptides comprising one or more of amino acid sequences of Table 1, and/or nucleic acids comprising the nucleic acid sequences of Table 1 (which code for the peptide sequences of Table 1).

TABLE 1 Peptide sequences SEQ ID NO. PEPTIDE NO. POLYMER SEQUENCE 3 NLpep2 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCGAACGCATTCT GGCG 4 NLpep2 (w/ Met) A.A. MDVTGWRLCERILA 5 NLpep3 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGCCTGGCGGCTGTGCGAACGCATTCT GGCG 6 NLpep3 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTAWRLCERILA 7 NLpep4 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTC TGGCG 8 NLpep4 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRILA 9 NLpep5 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCGAACGCATTA GCGCG 10 NLpep5 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCERISA 11 NLpep6 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 12 NLpep6 (w/ Met) A.A. MDVTGWRLCKRISA 13 NLpep7 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTCT GGCG 14 NLpep7 (w/ Met) A.A. MDVTGWRLCKRILA 15 NLpep8 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCGAACGCATTA GCGCG 16 NLpep8 (w/ Met) A.A. MDVTGWRLCERISA 17 NLpep9 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 18 NLpep9 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRISA 19 NLpep10 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAACGAACGCATTC TGGCG 20 NLpep10 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLNERILA 21 NLpep11 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGCAGGAACGCATTC TGGCG 22 NLpep11 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLQERILA 23 NLpep12 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAAGAAGCGCCGGA GCCGG 24 NLpep12 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLKKRRSR 25 NLpep13 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 26 NLpep13 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGWRLCKRISA 27 NLpep14 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAGCGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 28 NLpep14 (w/ Met) A.A. MSVTGWRLCKRISA 29 NLpep15 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGAGGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 30 NLpep15 (w/ Met) A.A. MEVTGWRLCKRISA 31 NLpep16 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGCGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 32 NLpep16 (w/ Met) A.A. MHVTGWRLCKRISA 33 NLpep17 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGACACACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 34 NLpep17 (w/ Met) A.A. MGITGWRLCKRISA 35 NLpep18 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGCCACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 36 NLpep18 (w/ Met) A.A. MGATGWRLCKRISA 37 NLpep19 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAAAGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 38 NLpep19 (w/ Met) A.A. MGKTGWRLCKRISA 39 NLpep20 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGACAGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 40 NLpep20 (w/ Met) A.A. MGQTGWRLCKRISA 41 NLpep21 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAAGCACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 42 NLpep21 (w/ Met) A.A. MGSTGWRLCKRISA 43 NLpep22 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGGTGGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 44 NLpep22 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVVGWRLCKRISA 45 NLpep23 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGAAGGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 46 NLpep23 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVKGWRLCKRISA 47 NLpep24 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGCAGGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 48 NLpep24 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVQGWRLCKRISA 49 NLpep25 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCACCCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 50 NLpep25 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGTRLCKRISA 51 NLpep26 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCAAGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 52 NLpep26 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGKRLCKRISA 53 NLpep27 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCGTGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 54 NLpep27 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGVRLCKRISA 55 NLpep28 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCACTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 56 NLpep28 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRICKRISA 57 NLpep29 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGGTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 58 NLpep29 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRVCKRISA 59 NLpep30 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGACCTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 60 NLpep30 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRTCKRISA 61 NLpep31 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGTACTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 62 NLpep31 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRYCKRISA 63 NLpep32 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGAAGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 64 NLpep32 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRKCKRISA 65 NLpep33 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAACAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 66 NLpep33 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLNKRISA 67 NLpep34 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGACCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 68 NLpep34 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLTKRISA 69 NLpep35 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGAAGATTA GCGCG 70 NLpep35 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKKISA 71 NLpep36 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGAACATTA GCGCG 72 NLpep36 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKNISA 73 NLpep37 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCGTGA GCGCG 74 NLpep37 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRVSA 75 NLpep38 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCCAGA GCGCG 76 NLpep38 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRQSA 77 NLpep39 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCGAGA GCGCG 78 NLpep39 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRESA 79 NLpep40 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCCGGA GCGCG 80 NLpep40 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRRSA 81 NLpep41 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCTTCA GCGCG 82 NLpep41 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRFSA 83 NLpep42 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCAAC 84 NLpep42 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRISN 85 NLpep43 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCACC 86 NLpep43 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRIST 87 NLpep44 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCCGG 88 NLpep44 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRISR 89 NLpep45 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCCTG 90 NLpep45 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRISL 91 NLpep46 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGAG 92 NLpep46 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLCKRISE 93 NLpep47 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTTCCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 94 NLpep47 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGFRLCKRISA 95 NLpep48 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 96 NLpep48 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGYRLCKRISA 97 NLpep49 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCGAGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 98 NLpep49 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGERLCKRISA 99 NLpep50 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGCAGGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 100 NLpep50 (w/ Met) A.A. MQVTGWRLCKRISA 101 NLpep51 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGACCGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 102 NLpep51 (w/ Met) A.A. MTVTGWRLCKRISA 103 NLpep52 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGGAGGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 104 NLpep52 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVEGWRLCKRISA 105 NLpep53 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 106 NLpep53 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLFKRISA 107 NLpep54 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTACAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 108 NLpep54 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLYKRISA 109 NLpep55 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 110 NLpep55 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLSKRISA 111 NLpep56 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGGGCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 112 NLpep56 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLHKRISA 113 NLpep57 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGATGAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 114 NLpep57 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLMKRISA 115 NLpep58 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGGCCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 116 NLpep58 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLAKRISA 117 NLpep59 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGCAGAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 118 NLpep59 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLQKRISA 119 NLpep60 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGCTGAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 120 NLpep60 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLLKRISA 121 NLpep61 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAAGAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 122 NLpep61 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLKKRISA 123 NLpep62 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACCACACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAACAAGAAGGTGA GCAAC 124 NLpep62 (w/ Met) A.A. MNITGWRLNKKVSN 125 NLpep63 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACCACACCGGCTACCGGCTGAACAAGAAGGTGA GCAAC 126 NLpep63 (w/ Met) A.A. MNITGYRLNKKVSN 127 NLpep64 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGTGCGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTAG CGCG 128 NLpep64 (w/ Met) A.A. MCVTGWRLFKRISA 129 NLpep65 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGCCCGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTAG CGCG 130 NLpep65 (w/ Met) A.A. MPVTGWRLFKRISA 131 NLpep66 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACCACACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGGTGA GCAAC 132 NLpep66 (w/ Met) A.A. MNITGYRLFKKVSN 133 NLpep67 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGGTGA GCAAC 134 NLpep67 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGYRLFKKVSN 135 NLpep68 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGGTGA GCAAC 136 NLpep68 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGWRLFKKVSN 137 NLpep69 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTA GCAAC 138 NLpep69 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGWRLFKKISN 139 NLpep70 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTA GCAAC 140 NLpep70 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGWRLFKRILN 141 NLpep71 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTA GCAAC 142 NLpep71 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVTGWRLFKRISN 143 NLpep72 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCGAACGCATTA GCAAC 144 NLpep72 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGWRLFERISN 145 NLpep73 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTCT GAAC 146 NLpep73 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGWRLFKRILN 147 NLpep74 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTA GCGCG 148 NLpep74 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGWRLFKRISA 149 NLpep75 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCGAAAAGATTA GCAAC 150 NLpep75 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGWRLFEKISN 151 NLpep76 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCGAAAAGATTA GCAAC 152 NLpep76 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVSGWRLFEKISN 153 NLpep77 (w/ Met) N.A. ATG- GTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCAAC 154 NLpep77 (w/ Met) A.A. M-VTGWRLFKKISN 155 NLpep78 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTA GCAAC 156 NLpep78 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVSGWRLFKKISN 157 NLpep79 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTA GCAAC 158 NLpep79 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGYRLFKKISN 159 NLpep80 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCA AC 160 NLpep80 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGWRLFKKISN 161 NLpep81 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCAAC 440 NLpep81 (w/ Met) A.A. MSGWRLFKKISN 163 NLpep82 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCAAC 164 NLpep82 (w/ Met) A.A. MGWRLFKKISN 165 NLpep83 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTA GC 166 NLpep83 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVSGWRLFKKIS 167 NLpep84 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATT 168 NLpep84 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVSGWRLFKKI 169 NLpep85 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAG 170 NLpep85 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVSGWRLFKK 171 NLpep86 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGC 172 NLpep86 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGWRLFKKIS 173 NLpep87 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATT 174 NLpep87 (w/ Met) A.A. MSGWRLFKKI 175 NLpep88 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGAGCGGCTGGGGCCTGTTCAAGAAGATTA GCAAC 176 NLpep88 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVSGWGLFKKISN 177 NLpep89 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTA GCAAC 178 NLpep89 (w/ Met) A.A. MPVSGWRLFKKISN 179 NLpep90 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGA TTAGCAAC 180 NLpep90 (w/ Met) A.A. MNPVSGWRLFKKISN 181 NLpep91 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGATCAACCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGA AGATTAGCAAC 182 NLpep91 (w/ Met) A.A. MINPVSGWRLFKKISN 183 NLpep92 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGACCATCAACCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAA GAAGATTAGCAAC 184 NLpep92 (w/ Met) A.A. MTINPVSGWRLFKKISN 185 NLpep93 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCATCAACCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTT CAAGAAGATTAGCAAC 186 NLpep93 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTINPVSGWRLFKKISN 187 NLpep94 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGCGGGTGACCATCAACCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGC TGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCAAC 188 NLpep94 (w/ Met) A.A. MRVTINPVSGWRLFKKISN 189 NLpep95 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGCTGAAGAAGATT 190 NLpep95 (w/ Met) A.A. MSGWRLLKKI 191 NLpep96 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCTGAAGAAGATT 192 NLpep96 (w/ Met) A.A. MTGYRLLKKI 193 NLpep97 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAG 194 NLpep97 (w/ Met) A.A. MSGWRLFKK 195 NLpep98 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGC 196 NLpep98 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFKKIS 197 NLpep99 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGAAGATTAGC 198 NLpep99 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEKIS 199 NLpep100 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGATTAGC 200 NLpep100 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEQIS 201 NLpep101 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGAAGGAGAGC 202 NLpep101 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEKES 203 NLpep102 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGGAGAGC 204 NLpep102 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEQES 205 NLpep103 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGGAGCTG 206 NLpep103 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEQEL 207 NLpep104 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGAAGATTAGC 208 NLpep104 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEKIS 209 NLpep105 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGATTAGC 210 NLpep105 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEQIS 211 NLpep106 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGAAGGAGAGC 212 NLpep106 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEKES 213 NLpep107 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGGAGAGC 214 NLpep107 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEQES 215 NLpep108 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGGAGCTG 216 NLpep108 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEQEL 217 NLpep109 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGATTAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGATGAAGAACATTAGC 218 NLpep109 (w/ Met) A.A. MISGWRLMKNIS 219 NLpep110 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGC 220 NLpep110 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFKKIS 221 NLpep2 (w/o Met) N.A. GACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCGAACGCATTCTGG CG 222 NLpep2 (w/o Met) A.A. DVTGWRLCERILA 223 NLpep3 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGCCTGGCGGCTGTGCGAACGCATTCTGG CG 224 NLpep3 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTAWRLCERILA 225 NLpep4 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTCTGG CG 226 NLpep4 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRILA 227 NLpep5 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCGAACGCATTAGCG CG 228 NLpep5 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCERISA 229 NLpep6 (w/o Met) N.A. GACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 230 NLpep6 (w/o Met) A.A. DVTGWRLCKRISA 231 NLpep7 (w/o Met) N.A. GACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTCTGG CG 232 NLpep7 (w/o Met) A.A. DVTGWRLCKRILA 233 NLpep8 (w/o Met) N.A. GACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCGAACGCATTAGCG CG 234 NLpep8 (w/o Met) A.A. DVTGWRLCERISA 235 NLpep9 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 236 NLpep9 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRISA 237 NLpep10 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAACGAACGCATTCTGG CG 238 NLpep10 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLNERILA 239 NLpep11 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGCAGGAACGCATTCTGG CG 240 NLpep11 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLQERILA 241 NLpep12 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAAGAAGCGCCGGAGCC GG 242 NLpep12 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLKKRRSR 243 NLpep13 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 244 NLpep13 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGWRLCKRISA 245 NLpep14 (w/o Met) N.A. AGCGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 246 NLpep14 (w/o Met) A.A. SVTGWRLCKRISA 247 NLpep15 (w/o Met) N.A. GAGGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 248 NLpep15 (w/o Met) A.A. EVTGWRLCKRISA 249 NLpep16 (w/o Met) N.A. GGCGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 250 NLpep16 (w/o Met) A.A. HVTGWRLCKRISA 251 NLpep17 (w/o Met) N.A. GGACACACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 252 NLpep17 (w/o Met) A.A. GITGWRLCKRISA 253 NLpep18 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGCCACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 254 NLpep18 (w/o Met) A.A. GATGWRLCKRISA 255 NLpep19 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAAAGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 256 NLpep19 (w/o Met) A.A. GKTGWRLCKRISA 257 NLpep20 (w/o Met) N.A. GGACAGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 258 NLpep20 (w/o Met) A.A. GQTGWRLCKRISA 259 NLpep21 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAAGCACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 260 NLpep21 (w/o Met) A.A. GSTGWRLCKRISA 261 NLpep22 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGGTGGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 262 NLpep22 (w/o Met) A.A. GVVGWRLCKRISA 263 NLpep23 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGAAGGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 264 NLpep23 (w/o Met) A.A. GVKGWRLCKRISA 265 NLpep24 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGCAGGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 266 NLpep24 (w/o Met) A.A. GVQGWRLCKRISA 267 NLpep25 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCACCCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 268 NLpep25 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGTRLCKRISA 269 NLpep26 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCAAGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 270 NLpep26 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGKRLCKRISA 271 NLpep27 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCGTGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 272 NLpep27 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGVRLCKRISA 273 NLpep28 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCACTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 274 NLpep28 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRICKRISA 275 NLpep29 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGGTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 276 NLpep29 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRVCKRISA 277 NLpep30 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGACCTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 278 NLpep30 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRTCKRISA 279 NLpep31 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGTACTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 280 NLpep31 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRYCKRISA 281 NLpep32 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGAAGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 282 NLpep32 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRKCKRISA 283 NLpep33 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAACAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 284 NLpep33 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLNKRISA 285 NLpep34 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGACCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 286 NLpep34 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLTKRISA 287 NLpep35 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGAAGATTAGCG CG 288 NLpep35 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKKISA 289 NLpep36 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGAACATTAGCG CG 290 NLpep36 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKNISA 291 NLpep37 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCGTGAGCG CG 292 NLpep37 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRVSA 293 NLpep38 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCCAGAGCG CG 294 NLpep38 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRQSA 295 NLpep39 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCGAGAGCG CG 296 NLpep39 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRESA 297 NLpep40 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCCGGAGCG CG 298 NLpep40 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRRSA 299 NLpep41 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCTTCAGCG CG 300 NLpep41 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRFSA 301 NLpep42 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCA AC 302 NLpep42 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRISN 303 NLpep43 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCA CC 304 NLpep43 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRIST 305 NLpep44 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCC GG 306 NLpep44 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRISR 307 NLpep45 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCC TG 308 NLpep45 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRISL 309 NLpep46 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG AG 310 NLpep46 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLCKRISE 311 NLpep47 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTTCCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 312 NLpep47 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGFRLCKRISA 313 NLpep48 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 314 NLpep48 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGYRLCKRISA 315 NLpep49 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCGAGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 316 NLpep49 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGERLCKRISA 317 NLpep50 (w/o Met) N.A. CAGGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 318 NLpep50 (w/o Met) A.A. QVTGWRLCKRISA 319 NLpep51 (w/o Met) N.A. ACCGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 320 NLpep51 (w/o Met) A.A. TVTGWRLCKRISA 321 NLpep52 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGGAGGGCTGGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 322 NLpep52 (w/o Met) A.A. GVEGWRLCKRISA 323 NLpep53 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 324 NLpep53 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLFKRISA 325 NLpep54 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTACAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 326 NLpep54 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLYKRISA 327 NLpep55 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 328 NLpep55 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLSKRISA 329 NLpep56 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGGGCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 330 NLpep56 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLHKRISA 331 NLpep57 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGATGAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 332 NLpep57 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLMKRISA 333 NLpep58 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGGCCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 334 NLpep58 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLAKRISA 335 NLpep59 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGCAGAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 336 NLpep59 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLQKRISA 337 NLpep60 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGCTGAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 338 NLpep60 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLLKRISA 339 NLpep61 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAAGAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 340 NLpep61 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLKKRISA 341 NLpep62 (w/o Met) N.A. AACCACACCGGCTGGCGGCTGAACAAGAAGGTGAGCA AC 342 NLpep62 (w/o Met) A.A. NITGWRLNKKVSN 343 NLpep63 (w/o Met) N.A. AACCACACCGGCTACCGGCTGAACAAGAAGGTGAGCA AC 344 NLpep63 (w/o Met) A.A. NITGYRLNKKVSN 345 NLpep64 (w/o Met) N.A. TGCGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTAGCGC G 346 NLpep64 (w/o Met) A.A. CVTGWRLFKRISA 347 NLpep65 (w/o Met) N.A. CCCGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTAGCGC G 348 NLpep65 (w/o Met) A.A. PVTGWRLFKRISA 349 NLpep66 (w/o Met) N.A. AACCACACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGGTGAGCA AC 350 NLpep66 (w/o Met) A.A. NITGYRLFKKVSN 351 NLpep67 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGGTGAGCA AC 352 NLpep67 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGYRLFKKVSN 353 NLpep68 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGGTGAGCA AC 354 NLpep68 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGWRLFKKVSN 355 NLpep69 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCA AC 356 NLpep69 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGWRLFKKISN 357 NLpep70 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTAGCA AC 358 NLpep70 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGWRLFKRISN 359 NLpep71 (w/o Met) N.A. GGAGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTAGCA AC 360 NLpep71 (w/o Met) A.A. GVTGWRLFKRISN 361 NLpep72 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCGAACGCATTAGCA AC 362 NLpep72 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGWRLFERISN 363 NLpep73 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTCTGAA C 364 NLpep73 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGWRLFKRILN 365 NLpep74 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGCGCATTAGCG CG 366 NLpep74 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGWRLFKRISA 367 NLpep75 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCGAAAAGATTAGCA AC 368 NLpep75 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGWRLFEKISN 369 NLpep76 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCGAAAAGATTAGCA AC 370 NLpep76 (w/o Met) A.A. NVSGWRLFEKISN 371 NLpep77 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCAAC 372 NLpep77 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGWRLFKKISN 373 NLpep78 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCA AC 374 NLpep78 (w/o Met) A.A. NVSGWRLFKKISN 375 NLpep79 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCA AC 376 NLpep79 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGYRLFKKISN 377 NLpep80 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCAAC 378 NLpep80 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGWRLFKKISN 379 NLpep81 (w/o Met) N.A. AGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCAAC 380 NLpep81 (w/o Met) A.A. SGWRLFKKISN 381 NLpep82 (w/o Met) N.A. GGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCAAC 382 NLpep82 (w/o Met) A.A. GWRLFKKISN 383 NLpep83 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGC 384 NLpep83 (w/o Met) A.A. NVSGWRLFKKIS 385 NLpep84 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATT 386 NLpep84 (w/o Met) A.A. NVSGWRLFKKI 387 NLpep85 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAG 388 NLpep85 (w/o Met) A.A. NVSGWRLFKK 389 NLpep86 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGC 390 NLpep86 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGWRLFKKIS 391 NLpep87 (w/o Met) N.A. AGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATT 392 NLpep87 (w/o Met) A.A. SGWRLFKKI 393 NLpep88 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGAGCGGCTGGGGCCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCA AC 394 NLpep88 (w/o Met) A.A. NVSGWGLFKKISN 395 NLpep89 (w/o Met) N.A. CCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGCA AC 396 NLpep89 (w/o Met) A.A. PVSGWRLFKKISN 397 NLpep90 (w/o Met) N.A. AACCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTA GCAAC 398 NLpep90 (w/o Met) A.A. NPVSGWRLFKKISN 399 NLpep91 (w/o Met) N.A. ATCAACCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGA TTAGCAAC 400 NLpep91 (w/o Met) A.A. INPVSGWRLFKKISN 401 NLpep92 (w/o Met) N.A. ACCATCAACCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGA AGATTAGCAAC 402 NLpep92 (w/o Met) A.A. TINPVSGWRLFKKISN 403 NLpep93 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCATCAACCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAA GAAGATTAGCAAC 404 NLpep93 (w/o Met) A.A. VTINPVSGWRLFKKISN 405 NLpep94 (w/o Met) N.A. CGGGTGACCATCAACCCCGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTT CAAGAAGATTAGCAAC 406 NLpep94 (w/o Met) A.A. RVTINPVSGWRLFKKISN 407 NLpep95 (w/o Met) N.A. AGCGGCTGGCGGCTGCTGAAGAAGATT 408 NLpep95 (w/o Met) A.A. SGWRLLKKI 409 NLpep96 (w/o Met) N.A. ACCGGCTACCGGCTGCTGAAGAAGATT 410 NLpep96 (w/o Met) A.A. TGYRLLKKI 411 NLpep97 (w/o Met) N.A. AGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCAAGAAG 412 NLpep97 (w/o Met) A.A. SGWRLFKK 413 NLpep98 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGC 414 NLpep98 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFKKIS 415 NLpep99 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGAAGATTAGC 416 NLpep99 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFKKIS 417 NLpep100 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGATTAGC 418 NLpep100 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEQIS 419 NLpep101 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGAAGGAGAGC 420 NLpep101 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEKES 421 NLpep102 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGGAGAGC 422 NLpep102 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEQES 423 NLpep103 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGGAGCTG 424 NLpep103 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEQEL 425 NLpep104 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGAAGATTAGC 426 NLpep104 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEKIS 427 NLpep105 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGATTAGC 428 NLpep105 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEQIS 429 NLpep106 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGAAGGAGAGC 430 NLpep106 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEKES 431 NLpep107 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGGAGAGC 432 NLpep107 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEQES 433 NLpep108 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGCAGGAGCTG 434 NLpep108 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEQEL 435 NLpep109 (w/o Met) N.A. ATTAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGATGAAGAACATTAGC 436 NLpep109 (w/o Met) A.A. ISGWRLMKNIS 437 NLpep110 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATTAGC 438 NLpep110 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFKKIS 2162 NLpep111 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCAGC 2163 NLpep111 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEEIS 2164 NLpep112 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGCCAGC 2165 NLpep112 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEEAS 2166 NLpep113 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGAGAGC 2167 NLpep113 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEEES 2168 NLpep114 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2169 NLpep114 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEEIL 2170 NLpep115 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGCCCTG 2171 NLpep115 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEEAL 2172 NLpep116 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGAGCTG 2173 NLpep116 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEEEL 2174 NLpep117 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCAGC 2175 NLpep117 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEEIS 2176 NLpep118 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGCCAGC 2177 NLpep118 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEEAS 2178 NLpep119 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGAGAGC 2179 NLpep119 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEEES 2180 NLpep120 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2181 NLpep120 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEEIL 2182 NLpep121 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGCCCTG 2183 NLpep121 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEEAL 2184 NLpep122 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGAGCTG 2185 NLpep122 (w/ Met) A.A. MVEGYRLFEEEL 2186 NLpep123 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATCCTG 2187 NLpep123 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFKKIL 2188 NLpep124 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGATGAAGAAGATCCTG 2189 NLpep124 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLMKKIL 2190 NLpep125 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCACAAGAAGATCCTG 2191 NLpep125 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLHKKIL 2192 NLpep126 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCTGAAGAAGATCCTG 2193 NLpep126 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLLKKIL 2194 NLpep127 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGAGCAAGAAGATCCTG 2195 NLpep127 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLSKKIL 2196 NLpep128 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGAAGATCCTG 2197 NLpep128 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEKIL 2198 NLpep129 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGATGGAGAAGATCCTG 2199 NLpep129 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLMEKIL 2200 NLpep130 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCACGAGAAGATCCTG 2201 NLpep130 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLHEKIL 2202 NLpep131 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCTGGAGAAGATCCTG 2203 NLpep131 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLLEKIL 2204 NLpep132 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGAGCGAGAAGATCCTG 2205 NLpep132 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLSEKIL 2206 NLpep133 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGATGGAGGAGATCCTG 2207 NLpep133 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLMEEIL 2208 NLpep134 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCACGAGGAGATCCTG 2209 NLpep134 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLHEEIL 2210 NLpep135 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCTGGAGGAGATCCTG 2211 NLpep135 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLLEEIL 2212 NLpep136 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGAGCGAGGAGATCCTG 2213 NLpep136 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLSEEIL 2214 NLpep137 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGAGCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2215 NLpep137 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGYRLFEEIL 2216 NLpep138 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2217 NLpep138 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGWRLFEEIL 2218 NLpep139 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2219 NLpep139 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGWRLFEEIL 2220 NLpep140 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATC CTG 2221 NLpep140 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGYRLFEEIL 2222 NLpep141 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG AAC 2223 NLpep141 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEEILN 2224 NLpep142 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGAACGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATC CTGAAC 2225 NLpep142 (w/ Met) A.A. MNVTGYRLFEEILN 2226 NLpep143 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATC 2227 NLpep143 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFEEI 2228 NLpep144 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCCAGAAGATCAGC 2229 NLpep144 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFQKIS 2230 NLpep145 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATCAGCA AC 2231 NLpep145 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFKKISN 2232 NLpep146 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATCAGC 2233 NLpep146 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYRLFKKIS 2234 NLpep147 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGWRLFKKISA 2235 NLpep148 (w/ Met) A.A. MGVSGWRLFKKIS 2236 NLpep149 (w/ Met) A.A. MSVSGWRLFKKISN 2237 NLpep150 (w/ Met) A.A. MSVSGWRLFKKISA 2238 NLpep151 (w/ Met) A.A. MNSVSGWRLFKKISA 2239 NLpep152 (w/ Met) A.A. MNSVSGWRLFKKISN 2240 NLpep153 (w/ Met) A.A. MSNVSGWRLFKKIS 2241 NLpep154 (w/ Met) A.A. MSGVSGWRLFKKIS 2242 NLpep155 (w/ Met) A.A. MNSNVSGWRLFKKIS 2243 NLpep156 (w/ Met) A.A. MNSGVSGWRLFKKIS 2244 NLpep157 (w/ Met) A.A. MSVSGWRLFKKIS 2245 NLpep158 (w/ Met) A.A. MNSVSGWRLFKKIS 2246 NLpep159 (w/ Met) A.A. MSNVSGWRLFKKISN 2247 NLpep160 (w/ Met) A.A. MNSNVSGWRLFKKISN 2248 NLpep161 (w/ Met) A.A. MGWRLFKK 2249 NLpep162 (w/ Met) A.A. MGWALFKK 2250 NLpep163 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGWALFEEIL 2251 NLpep164 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYALFQEIL 2252 NLpep165 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYALFEQIL 2253 NLpep166 (w/ Met) A.A. MVTGYALFEEIL 2254 NLpep167 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGTCCGGCTGGGCACTGTTCAAGAAAATTTCC 2255 NLpep167 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGWALFKKIS 2256 NLpep168 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGWKLFKKIS 2257 NLpep169 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGTCCGGCTGGCAGCTGTTCAAGAAAATTTCC 2258 NLpep169 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGWQLFKKIS 2259 NLpep170 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGWELFKKIS 2260 NLpep171 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGTCCGGCTGGCTGCTGTTCAAGAAAATTTCC 2261 NLpep171 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGWLLFKKIS 2262 NLpep172 (w/ Met) N.A. ATGGTGTCCGGCTGGGTGCTGTTCAAGAAAATTTCC 2263 NLpep172 (w/ Met) A.A. MVSGWVLFKKIS 2264 NLpep111 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCAGC 2265 NLpep111 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEEIS 2266 NLpep112 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGCCAGC 2267 NLpep112 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEEAS 2268 NLpep113 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGAGAGC 2269 NLpep113 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEEES 2270 NLpep114 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2271 NLpep114 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEEIL 2272 NLpep115 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGCCCTG 2273 NLpep115 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEEAL 2274 NLpep116 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGAGCTG 2275 NLpep116 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEEEL 2276 NLpep117 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCAGC 2277 NLpep117 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEEIS 2278 NLpep118 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGCCAGC 2279 NLpep118 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEEAS 2280 NLpep119 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGAGAGC 2281 NLpep119 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEEES 2282 NLpep120 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2283 NLpep120 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEEIL 2284 NLpep121 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGCCCTG 2285 NLpep121 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEEAL 2286 NLpep122 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGGAGGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGGAGCTG 2287 NLpep122 (w/o Met) A.A. VEGYRLFEEEL 2288 NLpep123 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATCCTG 2289 NLpep123 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFKKIL 2290 NLpep124 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGATGAAGAAGATCCTG 2291 NLpep124 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLMKKIL 2292 NLpep125 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCACAAGAAGATCCTG 2293 NLpep125 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLHKKIL 2294 NLpep126 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCTGAAGAAGATCCTG 2295 NLpep126 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLLKKIL 2296 NLpep127 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGAGCAAGAAGATCCTG 2297 NLpep127 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLSKKIL 2298 NLpep128 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGAAGATCCTG 2299 NLpep128 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEKIL 2300 NLpep129 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGATGGAGAAGATCCTG 2301 NLpep129 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLMEKIL 2302 NLpep130 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCACGAGAAGATCCTG 2303 NLpep130 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLHEKIL 2304 NLpep131 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCTGGAGAAGATCCTG 2305 NLpep131 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLLEKIL 2306 NLpep132 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGAGCGAGAAGATCCTG 2307 NLpep132 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLSEKIL 2308 NLpep133 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGATGGAGGAGATCCTG 2309 NLpep133 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLMEEIL 2310 NLpep134 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCACGAGGAGATCCTG 2311 NLpep134 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLHEEIL 2312 NLpep135 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGCTGGAGGAGATCCTG 2313 NLpep135 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLLEEIL 2314 NLpep136 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGAGCGAGGAGATCCTG 2315 NLpep136 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLSEEIL 2316 NLpep137 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGAGCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2317 NLpep137 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGYRLFEEIL 2318 NLpep138 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2319 NLpep138 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGWRLFEEIL 2320 NLpep139 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGAGCGGCTGGCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2321 NLpep139 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGWRLFEEIL 2322 NLpep140 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG 2323 NLpep140 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGYRLFEEIL 2324 NLpep141 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTGAAC 2325 NLpep141 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEEILN 2326 NLpep142 (w/o Met) N.A. AACGTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATCCTG AAC 2327 NLpep142 (w/o Met) A.A. NVTGYRLFEEILN 2328 NLpep143 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCGAGGAGATC 2329 NLpep143 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFEEI 2330 NLpep144 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCCAGAAGATCAGC 2331 NLpep144 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFQKIS 2332 NLpep145 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATCAGCAAC 2333 NLpep145 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFKKISN 2334 NLpep146 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGACCGGCTACCGGCTGTTCAAGAAGATCAGC 2335 NLpep146 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYRLFKKIS 2336 NLpep147 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGWRLFKKISA 2337 NLpep148 (w/o Met) A.A. GVSGWRLFKKIS 2338 NLpep149 (w/o Met) A.A. SVSGWRLFKKISN 2339 NLpep150 (w/o Met) A.A. SVSGWRLFKKISA 2340 NLpep151 (w/o Met) A.A. NSVSGWRLFKKISA 2341 NLpep152 (w/o Met) A.A. NSVSGWRLFKKISN 2342 NLpep153 (w/o Met) A.A. SNVSGWRLFKKIS 2343 NLpep154 (w/o Met) A.A. SGVSGWRLFKKIS 2344 NLpep155 (w/o Met) A.A. NSNVSGWRLFKKIS 2345 NLpep156 (w/o Met) A.A. NSGVSGWRLFKKIS 2346 NLpep157 (w/o Met) A.A. SVSGWRLFKKIS 2347 NLpep158 (w/o Met) A.A. NSVSGWRLFKKIS 2348 NLpep159 (w/o Met) A.A. SNVSGWRLFKKISN 2349 NLpep160 (w/o Met) A.A. NSNVSGWRLFKKISN 2350 NLpep161 (w/o Met) A.A. GWRLFKK 2351 NLpep162 (w/o Met) A.A. GWALFKK 2352 NLpep163 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGWALFEEIL 2353 NLpep164 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYALFQEIL 2354 NLpep165 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYALFEQIL 2355 NLpep166 (w/o Met) A.A. VTGYALFEEIL 2356 NLpep167 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGTCCGGCTGGGCACTGTTCAAGAAAATTTCC 2357 NLpep167 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGWALFKKIS 2358 NLpep168 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGWKLFKKIS 2359 NLpep169 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGTCCGGCTGGCAGCTGTTCAAGAAAATTTCC 2360 NLpep169 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGWQLFKKIS 2361 NLpep170 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGWELFKKIS 2362 NLpep171 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGTCCGGCTGGCTGCTGTTCAAGAAAATTTCC 2363 NLpep171 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGWLLFKKIS 2364 NLpep172 (w/o Met) N.A. GTGTCCGGCTGGGTGCTGTTCAAGAAAATTTCC 2365 NLpep172 (w/o Met) A.A. VSGWVLFKKIS

In certain embodiments, a peptide from Table 1 is provided. In some embodiments, peptides comprise a single amino acid difference from GVTGWRLCKRISA (SEQ ID NO: 236) and/or any of the peptides listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, peptides comprise two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc.) amino acid differences from GVTGWRLCKRISA (SEQ ID NO: 236) and/or any of the peptides listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, peptides are provided comprising one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365. In some embodiments, peptides are provided comprising one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365 with one or more additions, substitutions, and/or deletions. In some embodiments, a peptide or a portion thereof comprises greater than 70% sequence identity (e.g., 71%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%) with one or more of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are provided comprising one of the nucleic acid coding sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are provided comprising one of the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365 with one or more additions, substitutions, and/or deletions. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid or a portion thereof comprises greater than 70% sequence identity (e.g., 71%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%) with one or more of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are provided that code for one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are provided that code for one of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365 with one or more additions, substitutions, and/or deletions. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is provided that codes for an amino acid with greater than 70% sequence identity (e.g., 71%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%) with one or more of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 3-438 and 2162-2365.

In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid from Table 1 is provided. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid encoding a peptide from Table 1 is provided. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid of the present invention codes for a peptide that comprises a single amino acid difference from MGVTGWRLCERILA (SEQ ID NO: 2) and/or any of the peptides listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, nucleic acids code for peptides comprising two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc.) amino acid differences from MGVTGWRLCERILA (SEQ ID NO: 2) and/or any of the peptides listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are provided comprising the sequence of one of the nucleic acids in Table 1. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are provided comprising one of the nucleic acids of Table 1 with one or more additions, substitutions, and/or deletions. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid or a portion thereof comprises greater than 70% sequence identity (e.g., 71%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%) with one or more of the nucleic acids of Table 1.

In some embodiments, non-luminescent polypeptides that find use in embodiments of the present invention include polypeptides with one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, or additions from SEQ ID NO: 440. In some embodiments, the present invention provides polypeptides comprising one or more of amino acid sequences of Table 2, and/or nucleic acids comprising the nucleic acid sequences of Table 2 (which code for the polypeptide sequences of Table 2).

TABLE 2 Polypeptide sequences SEQ SEQ SEQ ID ID ID NO Polymer ID NO Poly. ID NO Poly. ID 441 N.A. R11N 727 N.A. 5A2 + V58P 1013 N.A. 5P D6 (−152 − 157) 442 A.A R11N 728 A.A 5A2 + V58P 1014 A.A 5P D6 (−152 − 157) 443 N.A. T13I 729 N.A. 5A2 + V58Q 1015 N.A. 5P D7 (−151 − 157) 444 A.A T13I 730 A.A 5A2 + V58Q 1016 A.A 5P D7 (−151 − 157) 445 N.A. G15S 731 N.A. 5A2 + V58R 1017 N.A. 5P + F31A 446 A.A G15S 732 A.A 5A2 + V58R 1018 A.A 5P + F31A 447 N.A. L18Q 733 N.A. 5A2 + V58S 1019 N.A. 5P + F31C 448 A.A L18Q 734 A.A 5A2 + V58S 1020 A.A 5P + F31C 449 N.A. Q20K 735 N.A. 5A2 + V58T 1021 N.A. 5P + F31D 450 A.A Q20K 736 A.A 5A2 + V58T 1022 A.A 5P + F31D 451 N.A. V27M 737 N.A. 5A2 + V58W 1023 N.A. 5P + F31E 452 A.A V27M 738 A.A 5A2 + V58W 1024 A.A 5P + F31E 453 N.A. F31I 739 N.A. 5A2 + V58Y 1025 N.A. 5P + F31G 454 A.A F31I 740 A.A 5A2 + V58Y 1026 A.A 5P + F31G 455 N.A. F31L 741 N.A. 5A2 + A67C 1027 N.A. 5P + F31H 456 A.A F31L 742 A.A 5A2 + A67C 1028 A.A 5P + F31H 457 N.A. F31V 743 N.A. 5A2 + A67D 1029 N.A. 5P + F31I 458 A.A F31V 744 A.A 5A2 + A67D 1030 A.A 5P + F31I 459 N.A. Q32R 745 N.A. 5A2 + A67E 1031 N.A. 5P + F31K 460 A.A Q32R 746 A.A 5A2 + A67E 1032 A.A 5P + F31K 461 N.A. N33K 747 N.A. 5A2 + A67F 1033 N.A. 5P + F31L 462 A.A N33K 748 A.A 5A2 + A67F 1034 A.A 5P + F31L 463 N.A. N33R 749 N.A. 5A2 + A67G 1035 N.A. 5P + F31M 464 A.A N33R 750 A.A 5A2 + A67G 1036 A.A 5P + F31M 465 N.A. I56N 751 N.A. 5A2 + A67H 1037 N.A. 5P + F31N 466 A.A I56N 752 A.A 5A2 + A67H 1038 A.A 5P + F31N 467 N.A. V58A 753 N.A. 5A2 + A67I 1039 N.A. 5P + F31P 468 A.A V58A 754 A.A 5A2 + A67I 1040 A.A 5P + F31P 469 N.A. I59T 755 N.A. 5A2 + A67K 1041 N.A. 5P + F31Q 470 A.A I59T 756 A.A 5A2 + A67K 1042 A.A 5P + F31Q 471 N.A. G67S 757 N.A. 5A2 + A67L 1043 N.A. 5P + F31R 472 A.A G67S 758 A.A 5A2 + A67L 1044 A.A 5P + F31R 473 N.A. G67D 759 N.A. 5A2 + A67M 1045 N.A. 5P + F31S 474 A.A G67D 760 A.A 5A2 + A67M 1046 A.A 5P + F31S 475 N.A. K75E 761 N.A. 5A2 + A67N 1047 N.A. 5P + F31T 476 A.A K75E 762 A.A 5A2 + A67N 1048 A.A 5P + F31T 477 N.A. M106V 763 N.A. 5A2 + A67P 1049 N.A. 5P + F31V 478 A.A M106V 764 A.A 5A2 + A67P 1050 A.A 5P + F31V 479 N.A. M106I 765 N.A. 5A2 + A67Q 1051 N.A. 5P + F31W 480 A.A M106I 766 A.A 5A2 + A67Q 1052 A.A 5P + F31W 481 N.A. D108N 767 N.A. 5A2 + A67R 1053 N.A. 5P + F31Y 482 A.A D108N 768 A.A 5A2 + A67R 1054 A.A 5P + F31Y 483 N.A. R112Q 769 N.A. 5A2 + A67S 1055 N.A. 5P + L46A 484 A.A R112Q 770 A.A 5A2 + A67S 1056 A.A 5P + L46A 485 N.A. N144T 771 N.A. 5A2 + A67T 1057 N.A. 5P + L46C 486 A.A N144T 772 A.A 5A2 + A67T 1058 A.A 5P + L46C 487 N.A. L149M 773 N.A. 5A2 + A67V 1059 N.A. 5P + L46D 488 A.A L149M 774 A.A 5A2 + A67V 1060 A.A 5P + L46D 489 N.A. N156D 775 N.A. 5A2 + A67W 1061 N.A. 5P + L46E 490 A.A N156D 776 A.A 5A2 + A67W 1062 A.A 5P + L46E 491 N.A. N156S 777 N.A. 5A2 + A67Y 1063 N.A. 5P + L46F 492 A.A N156S 778 A.A 5A2 + A67Y 1064 A.A 5P + L46F 493 N.A. V157D 779 N.A. 5A2 + M106A 1065 N.A. 5P + L46G 494 A.A V157D 780 A.A 5A2 + M106A 1066 A.A 5P + L46G 495 N.A. V157S 781 N.A. 5A2 + M106C 1067 N.A. 5P + L46H 496 A.A V157S 782 A.A 5A2 + M106C 1068 A.A 5P + L46H 497 N.A. G8A 783 N.A. 5A2 + M106D 1069 N.A. 5P + L46I 498 A.A G8A 784 A.A 5A2 + M106D 1070 A.A 5P + L46I 499 N.A. G15A 785 N.A. 5A2 + M106E 1071 N.A. 5P + L46K 500 A.A G15A 786 A.A 5A2 + M106E 1072 A.A 5P + L46K 501 N.A. G25A 787 N.A. 5A2 + M106F 1073 N.A. 5P + L46M 502 A.A G25A 788 A.A 5A2 + M106F 1074 A.A 5P + L46M 503 N.A. G26A 789 N.A. 5A2 + M106G 1075 N.A. 5P + L46N 504 A.A G26A 790 A.A 5A2 + M106G 1076 A.A 5P + L46N 505 N.A. G35A 791 N.A. 5A2 + M106H 1077 N.A. 5P + L46P 506 A.A G35A 792 A.A 5A2 + M106H 1078 A.A 5P + L46P 507 N.A. G48A 793 N.A. 5A2 + M106I 1079 N.A. 5P + L46Q 508 A.A G48A 794 A.A 5A2 + M106I 1080 A.A 5P + L46Q 509 N.A. G51A 795 N.A. 5A2 + M106K 1081 N.A. 5P + L46R 510 A.A G51A 796 A.A 5A2 + M106K 1082 A.A 5P + L46R 511 N.A. G64A 797 N.A. 5A2 + M106L 1083 N.A. 5P + L46S 512 A.A G64A 798 A.A 5A2 + M106L 1084 A.A 5P + L46S 513 N.A. G67A 799 N.A. 5A2 + M106N 1085 N.A. 5P + L46T 514 A.A G67A 800 A.A 5A2 + M106N 1086 A.A 5P + L46T 515 N.A. G71A 801 N.A. 5A2 + M106P 1087 N.A. 5P + L46V 516 A.A G71A 802 A.A 5A2 + M106P 1088 A.A 5P + L46V 517 N.A. G95A 803 N.A. 5A2 + M106Q 1089 N.A. 5P + L46W 518 A.A G95A 804 A.A 5A2 + M106Q 1090 A.A 5P + L46W 519 N.A. G101A 805 N.A. 5A2 + M106R 1091 N.A. 5P + L46Y 520 A.A G101A 806 A.A 5A2 + M106R 1092 A.A 5P + L46Y 521 N.A. G111A 807 N.A. 5A2 + M106S 1093 N.A. 5P + N108A 522 A.A G111A 808 A.A 5A2 + M106S 1094 A.A 5P + N108A 523 N.A. G116A 809 N.A. 5A2 + M106T 1095 N.A. 5P + N108C 524 A.A G116A 810 A.A 5A2 + M106T 1096 A.A 5P + N108C 525 N.A. G122A 811 N.A. 5A2 + M106V 1097 N.A. 5P + N108D 526 A.A G122A 812 A.A 5A2 + M106V 1098 A.A 5P + N108D 527 N.A. G129A 813 N.A. 5A2 + M106W 1099 N.A. 5P + N108E 528 A.A G129A 814 A.A 5A2 + M106W 1100 A.A 5P + N108E 529 N.A. G134A 815 N.A. 5A2 + M106Y 1101 N.A. 5P + N108F 530 A.A G134A 816 A.A 5A2 + M106Y 1102 A.A 5P + N108F 531 N.A. G147A 817 N.A. 5A2 + L149A 1103 N.A. 5P + N108G 532 A.A G147A 818 A.A 5A2 + L149A 1104 A.A 5P + N108G 533 N.A. I54A 819 N.A. 5A2 + L149C 1105 N.A. 5P + N108H 534 A.A I54A 820 A.A 5A2 + L149C 1106 A.A 5P + N108H 535 N.A. 5A1 821 N.A. 5A2 + L149D 1107 N.A. 5P + N108I (G15A/D19A/G35A/G51A/G67A) 536 A.A 5A1 822 A.A 5A2 + L149D 1108 A.A 5P + N108I (G15A/D19A/G35A/G51A/G67A) 537 N.A. 4A1 823 N.A. 5A2 + L149E 1109 N.A. 5P + N108K (G15A/G35A/G67A/G71A) 538 A.A 4A1 824 A.A 5A2 + L149E 1110 A.A 5P + N108K (G15A/G35A/G67A/G71A) 539 N.A. 5A2 825 N.A. 5A2 + L149F 1111 N.A. 5P + N108L (G15A/G35A/G51A/G67A/G71A) 540 A.A 5A2 826 A.A 5A2 + L149F 1112 A.A 5P + N108L (G15A/G35A/G51A/G67A/G71A) 541 N.A. 5A2 + A15G 827 N.A. 5A2 + L149G 1113 N.A. 5P + N108M 542 A.A 5A2 + A15G 828 A.A 5A2 + L149G 1114 A.A 5P + N108M 543 N.A. 5A2 + A35G 829 N.A. 5A2 + L149H 1115 N.A. 5P + N108P 544 A.A 5A2 + A35G 830 A.A 5A2 + L149H 1116 A.A 5P + N108P 545 N.A. 5A2 + A51G 831 N.A. 5A2 + L149I 1117 N.A. 5P + N108Q 546 A.A 5A2 + A51G 832 A.A 5A2 + L149I 1118 A.A 5P + N108Q 547 N.A. 5A2 + A67G 833 N.A. 5A2 + L149K 1119 N.A. 5P + N108R 548 A.A 5A2 + A67G 834 A.A 5A2 + L149K 1120 A.A 5P + N108R 549 N.A. 5A2 + A71G 835 N.A. 5A2 + L149M 1121 N.A. 5P + N108S 550 A.A 5A2 + A71G 836 A.A 5A2 + L149M 1122 A.A 5P + N108S 551 N.A. 5A2 + R11A 837 N.A. 5A2 + L149N 1123 N.A. 5P + N108T 552 A.A 5A2 + R11A 838 A.A 5A2 + L149N 1124 A.A 5P + N108T 553 N.A. 5A2 + R11C 839 N.A. 5A2 + L149P 1125 N.A. 5P + N108V 554 A.A 5A2 + R11C 840 A.A 5A2 + L149P 1126 A.A 5P + N108V 555 N.A. 5A2 + R11D 841 N.A. 5A2 + L149Q 1127 N.A. 5P + N108W 556 A.A 5A2 + R11D 842 A.A 5A2 + L149Q 1128 A.A 5P + N108W 557 N.A. 5A2 + R11E 843 N.A. 5A2 + L149R 1129 N.A. 5P + N108Y 558 A.A 5A2 + R11E 844 A.A 5A2 + L149R 1130 A.A 5P + N108Y 559 N.A. 5A2 + R11F 845 N.A. 5A2 + L149S 1131 N.A. 5P + T144A 560 A.A 5A2 + R11F 846 A.A 5A2 + L149S 1132 A.A 5P + T144A 561 N.A. 5A2 + R11G 847 N.A. 5A2 + L149T 1133 N.A. 5P + T144C 562 A.A 5A2 + R11G 848 A.A 5A2 + L149T 1134 A.A 5P + T144C 563 N.A. 5A2 + R11H 849 N.A. 5A2 + L149V 1135 N.A. 5P + T144D 564 A.A 5A2 + R11H 850 A.A 5A2 + L149V 1136 A.A 5P + T144D 565 N.A. 5A2 + R11I 851 N.A. 5A2 + L149W 1137 N.A. 5P + T144E 566 A.A 5A2 + R11I 852 A.A 5A2 + L149W 1138 A.A 5P + T144E 567 N.A. 5A2 + R11K 853 N.A. 5A2 + L149Y 1139 N.A. 5P + T144F 568 A.A 5A2 + R11K 854 A.A 5A2 + L149Y 1140 A.A 5P + T144F 569 N.A. 5A2 + R11L 855 N.A. 5A2 + V157A 1141 N.A. 5P + T144G 570 A.A 5A2 + R11L 856 A.A 5A2 + V157A 1142 A.A 5P + T144G 571 N.A. 5A2 + R11M 857 N.A. 5A2 + V157C 1143 N.A. 5P + T144H 572 A.A 5A2 + R11M 858 A.A 5A2 + V157C 1144 A.A 5P + T144H 573 N.A. 5A2 + R11N 859 N.A. 5A2 + V157D 1145 N.A. 5P + T144I 574 A.A 5A2 + R11N 860 A.A 5A2 + V157D 1146 A.A 5P + T144I 575 N.A. 5A2 + R11P 861 N.A. 5A2 + V157E 1147 N.A. 5P + T144K 576 A.A 5A2 + R11P 862 A.A 5A2 + V157E 1148 A.A 5P + T144K 577 N.A. 5A2 + R11Q 863 N.A. 5A2 + V157F 1149 N.A. 5P + T144L 578 A.A 5A2 + R11Q 864 A.A 5A2 + V157F 1150 A.A 5P + T144L 579 N.A. 5A2 + R11S 865 N.A. 5A2 + V157G 1151 N.A. 5P + T144M 580 A.A 5A2 + R11S 866 A.A 5A2 + V157G 1152 A.A 5P + T144M 581 N.A. 5A2 + R11T 867 N.A. 5A2 + V157H 1153 N.A. 5P + T144N 582 A.A 5A2 + R11T 868 A.A 5A2 + V157H 1154 A.A 5P + T144N 583 N.A. 5A2 + R11V 869 N.A. 5A2 + V157I 1155 N.A. 5P + T144P 584 A.A 5A2 + R11V 870 A.A 5A2 + V157I 1156 A.A 5P + T144P 585 N.A. 5A2 + R11W 871 N.A. 5A2 + V157K 1157 N.A. 5P + T144Q 586 A.A 5A2 + R11W 872 A.A 5A2 + V157K 1158 A.A 5P + T144Q 587 N.A. 5A2 + R11Y 873 N.A. 5A2 + V157L 1159 N.A. 5P + T144R 588 A.A 5A2 + R11Y 874 A.A 5A2 + V157L 1160 A.A 5P + T144R 589 N.A. 5A2 + A15C 875 N.A. 5A2 + V157M 1161 N.A. 5P + T144S 590 A.A 5A2 + A15C 876 A.A 5A2 + V157M 1440 A.A 5P + T144S 591 N.A. 5A2 + A15D 877 N.A. 5A2 + V157N 1163 N.A. 5P + T144V 592 A.A 5A2 + A15D 878 A.A 5A2 + V157N 1164 A.A 5P + T144V 593 N.A. 5A2 + A15E 879 N.A. 5A2 + V157P 1165 N.A. 5P + T144W 594 A.A 5A2 + A15E 880 A.A 5A2 + V157P 1166 A.A 5P + T144W 595 N.A. 5A2 + A15F 881 N.A. 5A2 + V157Q 1167 N.A. 5P + T144Y 596 A.A 5A2 + A15F 882 A.A 5A2 + V157Q 1168 A.A 5P + T144Y 597 N.A. 5A2 + A15G 883 N.A. 5A2 + V157R 1169 N.A. 5P + P157A 598 A.A 5A2 + A15G 884 A.A 5A2 + V157R 1170 A.A 5P + P157A 599 N.A. 5A2 + A15H 885 N.A. 5A2 + V157S 1171 N.A. 5P + P157C 600 A.A 5A2 + A15H 886 A.A 5A2 + V157S 1172 A.A 5P + P157C 601 N.A. 5A2 + A15I 887 N.A. 5A2 + V157T 1173 N.A. 5P + P157D 602 A.A 5A2 + A15I 888 A.A 5A2 + V157T 1174 A.A 5P + P157D 603 N.A. 5A2 + A15K 889 N.A. 5A2 + V157W 1175 N.A. 5P + P157E 604 A.A 5A2 + A15K 890 A.A 5A2 + V157W 1176 A.A 5P + P157E 605 N.A. 5A2 + A15L 891 N.A. 5A2 + V157Y 1177 N.A. 5P + P157F 606 A.A 5A2 + A15L 892 A.A 5A2 + V157Y 1178 A.A 5P + P157F 607 N.A. 5A2 + A15M 893 N.A. 5A2 + Q20K 1179 N.A. 5P + P157G 608 A.A 5A2 + A15M 894 A.A 5A2 + Q20K 1180 A.A 5P + P157G 609 N.A. 5A2 + A15N 895 N.A. 5A2 + V27M 1181 N.A. 5P + P157H 610 A.A 5A2 + A15N 896 A.A 5A2 + V27M 1182 A.A 5P + P157H 611 N.A. 5A2 + A15P 897 N.A. 5A2 + N33K 1183 N.A. 5P + P157I 612 A.A 5A2 + A15P 898 A.A 5A2 + N33K 1184 A.A 5P + P157I 613 N.A. 5A2 + A15Q 899 N.A. 5A2 + V38I 1185 N.A. 5P + P157K 614 A.A 5A2 + A15Q 900 A.A 5A2 + V38I 1186 A.A 5P + P157K 615 N.A. 5A2 + A15R 901 N.A. 5A2 + I56N 1187 N.A. 5P + P157L 616 A.A 5A2 + A15R 902 A.A 5A2 + I56N 1188 A.A 5P + P157L 617 N.A. 5A2 + A15S 903 N.A. 5A2 + D108N 1189 N.A. 5P + P157M 618 A.A 5A2 + A15S 904 A.A 5A2 + D108N 1190 A.A 5P + P157M 619 N.A. 5A2 + A15T 905 N.A. 5A2 + N144T 1191 N.A. 5P + P157N 620 A.A 5A2 + A15T 906 A.A 5A2 + N144T 1192 A.A 5P + P157N 621 N.A. 5A2 + A15V 907 N.A. 5A2 + V27M + A35G 1193 N.A. 5P + P157Q 622 A.A 5A2 + A15V 908 A.A 5A2 + V27M + A35G 1194 A.A 5P + P157Q 623 N.A. 5A2 + A15W 909 N.A. 5A2 + A71G + K75E 1195 N.A. 5P + P157R 624 A.A 5A2 + A15W 910 A.A 5A2 + A71G + K75E 1196 A.A 5P + P157R 625 N.A. 5A2 + A15Y 911 N.A. 5A2 + R11E + L149M 1197 N.A. 5P + P157S 626 A.A 5A2 + A15Y 912 A.A 5A2 + R11E + L149M 1198 A.A 5P + P157S 627 N.A. 5A2 + L18A 913 N.A. 5A2 + R11E + V157P 1199 N.A. 5P + P157T 628 A.A 5A2 + L18A 914 A.A 5A2 + R11E + V157P 1200 A.A 5P + P157T 629 N.A. 5A2 + L18C 915 N.A. 5A2 + D108N + N144T 1201 N.A. 5P + P157V 630 A.A 5A2 + L18C 916 A.A 5A2 + D108N + N144T 1202 A.A 5P + P157V 631 N.A. 5A2 + L18D 917 N.A. 5A2 + L149M + V157D 1203 N.A. 5P + P157W 632 A.A 5A2 + L18D 918 A.A 5A2 + L149M + V157D 1204 A.A 5P + P157W 633 N.A. 5A2 + L18E 919 N.A. 5A2 + L149M + V157P 1205 N.A. 5P + P157Y 634 A.A 5A2 + L18E 920 A.A 5A2 + L149M + V157P 1206 A.A 5P + P157Y 635 N.A. 5A2 + L18F 921 N.A. 3P 1207 N.A. 5P + I107L (5A2 + R11E + L149M + V157P) 636 A.A 5A2 + L18F 922 A.A 3P 1208 A.A 5P + I107L (5A2 + R11E + L149M + V157P) 637 N.A. 5A2 + L18G 923 N.A. 3P + D108N 1209 N.A. 5P + K75E 638 A.A 5A2 + L18G 924 A.A 3P + D108N 1210 A.A 5P + K75E 639 N.A. 5A2 + L18H 925 N.A. 3P + N144T 1211 N.A. 5P + K123E + N156D 640 A.A 5A2 + L18H 926 A.A 3P + N144T 1212 A.A 5P + K123E + N156D 641 N.A. 5A2 + L18I 927 N.A. 3E 1213 N.A. 5P + I76V (5A2 + R11E + L149M + V157E) 642 A.A 5A2 + L18I 928 A.A 3E 1214 A.A 5P + I76V (5A2 + R11E + L149M + V157E) 643 N.A. 5A2 + L18K 929 N.A. 3E + D108N 1215 N.A. 5P + G48D + H57R + L92M + I99V 644 A.A 5A2 + L18K 930 A.A 3E + D108N 1216 A.A 5P + G48D + H57R + L92M + I99V 645 N.A. 5A2 + L18M 931 N.A. 3E + N144T 1217 N.A. 5P+ F31L + V36A + I99V 646 A.A 5A2 + L18M 932 A.A 3E + N144T 1218 A.A 5P + F31L + V36A + I99V 647 N.A. 5A2 + L18N 933 N.A. 5P 1219 N.A. 5P + F31L + H93P (3P + D108N + N144T) 648 A.A 5A2 + L18N 934 A.A 5P 1220 A.A 5P + F31L + H93P (3P + D108N + N144T) 649 N.A. 5A2 + L18P 935 N.A. (5P + I65P6N) 1221 N.A. 5P + V90A 650 A.A 5A2 + L18P 936 A.A (5P + I65P6N) 1222 A.A 5P + V90A 651 N.A. 5A2 + L18Q 937 N.A. 5E 1223 N.A. 5P + I44V (3E + D108N + N144T) 652 A.A 5A2 + L18Q 938 A.A 5E 1224 A.A 5P + I44V (3E + D108N + N144T) 653 N.A. 5A2 + L18R 939 N.A. 6E 1225 N.A. 5P + L46R + H86Q + (5E + I56N) M106V 654 A.A 5A2 + L18R 940 A.A 6E 1226 A.A 5P + L46R + H86Q + (5E + I56N) M106V 655 N.A. 5A2 + L18S 941 N.A. NLpoly1 1227 N.A. 5P + R141H (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + F311 + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 656 A.A 5A2 + L18S 942 A.A NLpoly1 1228 A.A 5P + R141H (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + F311 + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 657 N.A. 5A2 + L18T 943 N.A. NLpoly2 1229 N.A. 5P + N33D + V58A (5A2 + A15S + L18Q + F31I + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 658 A.A 5A2 + L18T 944 A.A NLpoly2 1230 A.A 5P + N33D + V58A (5A2 + A15S + L18Q + F31I + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 659 N.A. 5A2 + L18V 945 N.A. NLpoly3 1231 N.A. 5P + I56N + P157H (5A2 + R11N + L18Q + F31I + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 660 A.A 5A2 + L18V 946 A.A NLpoly3 1232 A.A 5P + I56N + P157H (5A2 + R11N + L18Q + F31I + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 661 N.A. 5A2 + L18W 947 N.A. NLpoly4 1233 N.A. 5P + L46Q + P157H (5A2 + R11N + A15S + F31I + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 662 A.A 5A2 + L18W 948 A.A NLpoly4 1234 A.A 5P + L46Q + P157H (5A2 + R11N + A15S + F31I + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 663 N.A. 5A2 + L18Y 949 N.A. NLpoly5 1235 N.A. 5P + I59V (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 664 A.A 5A2 + L18Y 950 A.A NLpoly5 1236 A.A 5P + I59V (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 665 N.A. 5A2 + F31A 951 N.A. NLpoly6 1237 N.A. 5P + A51T + E74K + (5A2 + R11N + A15S + P113L L18Q + F31I + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 666 A.A 5A2 + F31A 952 A.A NLpoly6 1238 A.A 5P + A51T + E74K + (5A2 + R11N + A15S + P113L L18Q + F31I + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 667 N.A. 5A2 + F31C 953 N.A. NLpoly7 1239 N.A. 5P + V36A (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + F31I + V58A + M106V + L149M + V157D) 668 A.A 5A2 + F31C 954 A.A NLpoly7 1240 A.A 5P + V36A (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + F31I + V58A + M106V + L149M + V157D) 669 N.A. 5A2 + F31D 955 N.A. NLpoly8 1241 N.A. 5P + A51T (5A2 + R11N+ A15S + L18Q + F31I + V58A + A67D + L149M + V157D) 670 A.A 5A2 + F31D 956 A.A NLpoly8 1242 A.A 5P + A51T (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + F31I + V58A + A67D + L149M + V157D) 671 N.A. 5A2 + F31E 957 N.A. NLpoly9 1243 N.A. 5P + H57R (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + F31I + V58A + A67D + M106V + V157D) 672 A.A 5A2 + F31E 958 A.A NLpoly9 1244 A.A 5P + H57R (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + F31I + V58A + A67D + M106V + V157D) 673 N.A. 5A2 + F31G 959 N.A. NLpoly10 1245 N.A. 5P + V58A (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + F31I + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M) 674 A.A 5A2 + F31G 960 A.A NLpoly10 1246 A.A 5P + V58A (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + F31I + V58A + A67D + M106V + L149M) 675 N.A. 5A2 + F31H 961 N.A. NLpoly11 1247 N.A. 5P + E74K (5A2 + A15S + L18Q + M106V + L149M + V157D) 676 A.A 5A2 + F31H 962 A.A NLpoly11 1248 A.A 5P + E74K (5A2 + A15S + L18Q + M106V + L149M + V157D) 677 N.A. 5A2 + F31I 963 N.A. NLpoly12 1249 N.A. 5P + H86Q (5A2 + A15S + L18Q + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 678 A.A 5A2 + F31I 964 A.A NLpoly12 1250 A.A 5P + H86Q (5A2 + A15S + L18Q + A67D + M106V + L149M + V157D) 679 N.A. 5A2 + F31K 965 N.A. NLpoly13 1251 N.A. 5P + H93P (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + M106V + L149M + V157D) 680 A.A 5A2 + F31K 966 A.A NLpoly13 1252 A.A 5P + H93P (5A2 + R11N + A15S + L18Q + M106V + L149M + V157D) 681 N.A. 5A2 + F31L 967 N.A. 5P + V 1253 N.A. 5P + I99V 682 A.A 5A2 + F31L 968 A.A 5P + V 1254 A.A 5P + I99V 683 N.A. 5A2 + F31M 969 N.A. 5P + A 1255 N.A. 5P + K123E 684 A.A 5A2 + F31M 970 A.A 5P + A 1256 A.A 5P + K123E 685 N.A. 5A2 + F31N 971 N.A. 5P + VT 1257 N.A. 5P + T128S 686 A.A 5A2 + F31N 972 A.A 5P + VT 1258 A.A 5P + T128S 687 N.A. 5A2 + F31P 973 N.A. 5P + VA 1259 N.A. 5P + L142Q + T154N 688 A.A 5A2 + F31P 974 A.A 5P + VA 1260 A.A 5P + L142Q + T154N 689 N.A. 5A2 + F31Q 975 N.A. 5P + AT 1261 N.A. 5P + H57Q 690 A.A 5A2 + F31Q 976 A.A 5P + AT 1262 A.A 5P + H57Q 691 N.A. 5A2 + F31R 977 N.A. 5P + AA 1263 N.A. 5P + L92M 692 A.A 5A2 + F31R 978 A.A 5P + AA 1264 A.A 5P + L92M 693 N.A. 5A2 + F31S 979 N.A. 5P + GG 1265 N.A. 5P + P113L 694 A.A 5A2 + F31S 980 A.A 5P + GG 1266 A.A 5P + P113L 695 N.A. 5A2 + F31T 981 N.A. 5P + AA 1267 N.A. 5P + G48D 696 A.A 5A2 + F31T 982 A.A 5P + AA 1268 A.A 5P + G48D 697 N.A. 5A2 + F31V 983 N.A. 5P + ATG 1269 N.A. 5P-B9 (−147 − 157) 698 A.A 5A2 + F31V 984 A.A 5P + ATG 1270 A.A 5P-B9 (−147 − 157) 699 N.A. 5A2 + F31W 985 N.A. 5P + VTG 1271 N.A. 5P + L46R + P157S 700 A.A 5A2 + F31W 986 A.A 5P + VTG 1272 A.A 5P + L46R + P157S 701 N.A. 5A2 + F31Y 987 N.A. 5P + VTA 1273 N.A. 5P + L46H + P157H 702 A.A 5A2 + F31Y 988 A.A 5P + VTA 1274 A.A 5P + L46H + P157H 703 N.A. 5A2 + V58A 989 N.A. 5P + GTA 1275 N.A. 5P + L46R + H93P 704 A.A 5A2 + V58A 990 A.A 5P + GTA 1276 A.A 5P + L46R + H93P 705 N.A. 5A2 + V58C 991 N.A. 5P + VTGW 1277 N.A. 5P + L46R + H93P + F31L 706 A.A 5A2 + V58C 992 A.A 5P + VTGW 1278 A.A 5P + L46R + H93P + F31L 707 N.A. 5A2 + V58D 993 N.A. 5P + VTGWR 1279 N.A. 5P + L46R + H93P + K75E 708 A.A 5A2 + V58D 994 A.A 5P + VTGWR 1280 A.A 5P + L46R + H93P + K75E 709 N.A. 5A2 + V58E 995 N.A. 5P + VTGWE 1281 N.A. 5P + L46R + H93P + I76V 710 A.A 5A2 + V58E 996 A.A 5P + VTGWE 1282 A.A 5P + L46R + H93P + I76V 711 N.A. 5A2 + V58F 997 N.A. 5P + VTGWK 1283 N.A. 8S (5P + L46R + H93P + P157S + F31L) 712 A.A 5A2 + V58F 998 A.A 5P + VTGWK 1284 A.A 8S (5P + L46R + H93P + P157S + F31L) 713 N.A. 5A2 + V58G 999 N.A. 5P + VTGWQ 1285 N.A. 5P + L46R + H93P + P157S + K75E 714 A.A 5A2 + V58G 1000 A.A 5P + VTGWQ 1286 A.A 5P + L46R + H93P + P157S + K75E 715 N.A. 5A2 + V58H 1001 N.A. 5P + VTGWH 1287 N.A. 5P + L46R + H93P + P157S + I76V 716 A.A 5A2 + V58H 1002 A.A 5P + VTGWH 1288 A.A 5P + L46R + H93P + P157S + I76V 717 N.A. 5A2 + V58I 1003 N.A. 5P D1 (−157) 1289 N.A. 12S (8S + A51T + K75E + I176V + I107L) 718 A.A 5A2 + V58I 1004 A.A 5P D1 (−157) 1290 A.A 12S (8S + A51T + K75E + I76V + I107L) 719 N.A. 5A2 + V58K 1005 N.A. 5P D2 (−156 − 157) 1291 N.A. 11S (12-A51T) 720 A.A 5A2 + V58K 1006 A.A 5P D2 (−156 − 157) 1292 A.A 11S (12-A51T) 721 N.A. 5A2 + V58L 1007 N.A. 5P D3 (−155 − 157) 1293 N.A. 12S-K75E 722 A.A 5A2 + V58L 1008 A.A 5P D3 (−155 − 157) 1294 A.A 12S-K75E 723 N.A. 5A2 + V58M 1009 N.A. 5P D4 (−154 − 157) 1295 N.A. 12S-I76V 724 A.A 5A2 + V58M 1010 A.A 5P D4 (−154 − 157) 1296 A.A 12S-I76V 725 N.A. 5A2 + V58N 1011 N.A. 5P D5 (−153 − 157) 1297 N.A. 12S-I107L 726 A.A 5A2 + V58N 1012 A.A 5P D5 (−153 − 157) 1298 A.A 12S-I107L

The polypeptides and coding nucleic acid sequences of Table 2 (SEQ ID NOS: 441-1298) all contain N-terminal Met residues (amino acids) or ATG start codons (nucleic acids). In some embodiments, the polypeptides and coding nucleic acid sequences of Table 2 are provided without N-terminal Met residues or ATG start codons (SEQ ID NOS: 1299-2156).

In certain embodiments, a polypeptide of one of the amino acid polymers of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156 is provided. In some embodiments, polypeptides comprise a single amino acid difference from SEQ ID NO: 440. In some embodiments, polypeptides comprise two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 . . . 35 . . . 40 . . . 45 . . . 50, or more) amino acid differences from SEQ ID NO: 440 and/or any of the amino acid polymers of SEQ ID NOS:441-2156. In some embodiments, polypeptides are provided comprising the sequence of one of the amino acid polymers of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156 with one or more additions, substitutions, and/or deletions. In some embodiments, a polypeptide or a portion thereof comprises greater than 70% sequence identity (e.g., >71%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >91%, >92%, >93%, >94%, >95%, >96%, >97%, >98%, or >99%) with one or more of the amino acid polymers of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156.

In certain embodiments, a nucleic acid from Table 2 is provided. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide from Table 2 is provided. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid of the present invention codes for a polypeptide that comprises a single amino acid difference from SEQ ID NO: 440 and/or any of the amino acid polymers of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156. In some embodiments, nucleic acids code for a polypeptide comprising two or more (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 . . . 35 . . . 40 . . . 45 . . . 50, or more) amino acid differences from SEQ ID NO: 440 and/or any of the polypeptides listed in Table 2. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are provided comprising the sequence of one of the nucleic acid polymers of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are provided comprising the sequence of one of the nucleic acid polymers of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156 with one or more additions, substitutions, and/or deletions. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid or a portion thereof comprises greater than 70% sequence identity (e.g., >71%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >91%, >92%, >93%, >94%, >95%, >96%, >97%, >98%, or >99%) with one or more of the nucleic acid polymers of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid or a portion thereof codes for an polypeptide comprising greater than 70% sequence identity (e.g., >71%, >75%, >80%, >85%, >90%, >91%, >92%, >93%, >94%, >95%, >96%, >97%, >98%, or >99%) with one or more of the amino acid polymers of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are provided that code for one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are provided that code for one of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 441-2156 with one or more additions, substitutions, and/or deletions.

In some embodiments, a non-luminescent peptide or polypeptide and/or an interaction element, comprises a synthetic peptide, peptide containing one or more non-natural amino acids, peptide mimetic, conjugated synthetic peptide (e.g., conjugated to a functional group (e.g., fluorophore, luminescent substrate, etc.)).

The present invention provides compositions and methods that are useful in a variety of fields including basic research, medical research, molecular diagnostics, etc. Although the reagents and assays described herein are not limited to any particular applications, and any useful application should be viewed as being within the scope of the present invention, the following are exemplary assays, kits, fields, experimental set-ups, etc. that make use of the presently claimed invention.

Typical applications that make use of embodiments of the present invention involve the monitoring/detection of protein dimerization (e.g., heterodimers, homodimers), protein-protein interactions, protein-RNA interactions, protein-DNA interactions, nucleic acid hybridization, protein-small molecule interactions, or any other combinations of molecular entities. A first entity of interest is attached to a first member of a non-luminescent pair and the second entity of interest is attached to the second member of a non-luminescent pair. If a detectable signal is produced under the particular assay conditions, then interaction of the first and second entities are inferred. Such assays are useful for monitoring molecular interactions under any suitable conditions (e.g., in vitro, in vivo, in situ, whole animal, etc.), and find use in, for example, drug discovery, elucidating molecular pathways, studying equilibrium or kinetic aspects of complex assembly, high throughput screening, proximity sensor, etc.

In some embodiments, a non-luminescent pair of known characteristics (e.g., spectral characteristics, mutual affinity of pair) is used to elucidate the affinity of, or understand the interaction of, an interaction pair of interest. In other embodiments, a well-characterized interaction pair is used to determine the characteristics (e.g., spectral characteristics, mutual affinity of pair) of a non-luminescent pair.

Embodiments described herein may find use in drug screening and/or drug development. For example, the interaction of a small molecule drug or an entire library of small molecules with a target protein of interest (e.g., therapeutic target) is monitored under one or more relevant conditions (e.g., physiological conditions, disease conditions, etc.). In other embodiments, the ability of a small molecule drug or an entire library of small molecules to enhance or inhibit the interactions between two entities (e.g., receptor and ligand, protein-protein, etc.) is assayed. In some embodiments, drug screening applications are carried out in a high through-put format to allow for the detection of the binding of tens of thousands of different molecules to a target, or to test the effect of those molecules on the binding of other entities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides the detection of molecular interactions in living organisms (e.g., bacteria, yeast, eukaryotes, mammals, primates, human, etc.) and/or cells. In some embodiments, fusion proteins comprising signal and interaction (target) polypeptides are co-expressed in the cell or whole organism, and signal is detected and correlated to the formation of the interaction complex. In some embodiments, cells are transiently and/or stably transformed or transfected with vector(s) coding for non-luminescent element(s), interaction element(s), fusion proteins (e.g., comprising a signal and interaction element), etc. In some embodiments, transgenic organisms are generated that code for the necessary fusion proteins for carrying out the assays described herein. In other embodiments, vectors are injected into whole organisms. In some embodiments, a transgenic animal or cell (e.g., expressing a fusion protein) is used to monitor the biodistribution of a small molecule or a biologic tethered (e.g., conjugated or genetically fused) to NLpeptide sequence that would form a complex in the subcellular compartments and/or tissues where it concentrates.

In some embodiments, a peptide (e.g., non-luminescent peptide) portion of a luminescent complex is employed as a protein tag (e.g., within cells). In such embodiments, a polypeptide (e.g., non-luminescent polypeptide) portion of a luminescent complex (e.g., capable of forming a luminescent complex with the non-luminescent peptide) is applied to cells (e.g., as part of a reagent) to detect/quantify the presence of proteins tagged with the non-luminescent peptide. For example, a protein of interest is fused to a high affinity NLpep (e.g., NLpep86). The NLpep is then transfected into cells of interest, a reagent containing NanoGlo+NLpoly11S is then added to cells+media, and luminescence is detected. This assay scheme is demonstrated in FIG. 175. In some embodiments, the small size of the peptide is useful for protein tagging. In some embodiments, non-luminescent polypeptides used in such a system are stable enough to exist in a suitable buffer for extended periods of time (e.g., in the presence of the furimazine substrate). In certain embodiments, the non-luminescent polypeptide has minimal detectable luminescence in the absence of the complementing peptide (e.g., even in the presence of furimazine substrate). In some embodiments, optimized buffer conditions are utilized to meet criteria necessary for protein tagging. High affinity spontaneously polypeptides and peptides are useful in such systems, and have utility in, for example, immunoassays, detection of virus particles, the study of protein dynamics in living cells, etc. In some embodiments, such a system provides an extremely small protein tag (e.g., 11 amino acids) providing high sensitivity detection, stability (e.g., particularly under denaturing conditions), and/or a broad dynamic range.

The compositions and methods provided herein, as well as any techniques or technologies based thereon find use in a variety of applications and fields, a non-limiting list of example applications follows:

-   -   Antibody-free Western Blot: For example, a protein of interest         is fused to a non-luminescent peptide (e.g., by genetic         engineering) and expressed by any suitable means. The proteins         separated (e.g., by PAGE) and transferred to a membrane. The         membrane is then washed with complimentary non-luminescent         polypeptide (e.g. allowing a luminescent complex to form), and         placed on imager (e.g., utilizing a CCD camera) with Furimazine         (PBI-3939) atop the membrane, and the protein of interest is         detected (e.g., via the luminescence of the luminescent         complex).     -   “LucCytochemistry”: For example, a protein of interest is         expressed fused to a non-luminescent peptide or polypeptide and         then detected with a complimentary non-luminescent polypeptide         or peptide in a fashion analogous to immunocytochemistry.     -   Protein localization assay: For example, a localization signal         is added to a non-luminescent polypeptide or polypeptide (e.g.,         via genetic engineering) and expressed in cells (e.g., a nuclear         localization signal added would result in expression of the         non-luminescent polypeptide in the nucleus). A complimentary         non-luminescent peptide or polypeptide is fused to a protein of         interest (e.g., via genetic engineering) and expressed in cells         with the non-luminescent polypeptide or peptide. Luminescence is         produced if the protein of interest localizes in the same         subcellular compartment (e.g., the nucleus) as the         signal-localized non-luminescent polypeptide.     -   Protein Stability Assay: For example, a protein of interest is         fused to a non-luminescent peptide or polypeptide (e.g., via         genetic engineering) and incubated under one or more conditions         of interest. A complimentary non-luminescent polypeptide or         peptide is added (e.g., at various time points), and         luminescence is used to quantify the amount of protein of         interest (e.g., a proxy for stability).     -   Protein Detection/Quantification: For example, a protein of         interest fused to a non-luminescent peptide or polypeptide         (e.g., via genetic engineering) and expressed and/or manipulated         by any method. The complimentary non-luminescent polypeptide or         peptide is then added to detect and/or quantify the protein of         interest.     -   Protein Purification: For example, a protein of interest is         fused to a non-luminescent peptide or polypeptide (e.g., via         genetic engineering) and expressed by any method. The mixture of         proteins is passed through an immobilized complimentary         non-luminescent polypeptide or peptide (e.g., on beads, on a         column, on a chip, etc.), washed with suitable buffer and eluted         (e.g., with a buffer of high ionic strength or low pH). A mutant         form of the non-luminescent peptide or polypeptide that does not         activate the luminescence of the complimentary non-luminescent         peptide or polypeptide may be used to elute the protein of         interest.     -   Pull-down: For example, an immobilized, complimentary,         non-luminescent polypeptide is used to isolate a protein of         interest (and interacting proteins) that is fused to a         non-luminescent peptide (e.g., via genetic engineering).     -   G-Coupled Protein Receptor (GPCR) Internalization Assay: For         example, a non-luminescent peptide or polypeptide is fused to a         GPCR of interest (e.g., via genetic engineering) and expressed         on the surface of cells. A complimentary non-luminescent         polypeptide or peptide is added to the media of the cells and         used to detect the GPCR on cell surface. A ligand is added to         stimulate the internalization of the GPCR, and a decrease in         luminescence is observed.     -   Membrane Integrity Assay for Cell Viability: For example, when         the cell membrane of a cell expressing a non-luminescent         polypeptide become compromised, a non-luminescent peptide enters         the cell (e.g., a peptide that otherwise can't cross the cell         membrane), thereby forming a luminescent complex, and generating         luminescence.     -   5-Hydroxymethyl Cytosine Detection: For example, a cysteine is         added to a non-luminescent peptide and incubated with DNA and a         methyltransferase. The methyltransferase catalyzes the addition         of the thiol (cysteine) only onto cytosine residues that are         5-hydroxymethylated. Unincorporated peptide is then separated         from the DNA (using any method possible), and a non-luminescent         polypeptide is added to detect the peptide conjugated to the         DNA.     -   Formyl Cytosine Detection: For example, similar to the         5-hydroxymethyl cytosine detection above, this detection method         uses chemistry with specific reactivity for formyl cytosine.     -   Viral Incorporation: Nucleic acid coding for a non-luminescent         peptide or polypeptide is incorporated into a viral genome, and         the complementary non-luminescent polypeptide or peptide is         constitutively expressed in the target cells. Upon infection of         the target cells and expression of the non-luminescent peptide,         the bioluminescent complex forms and a signal is detected (e.g.,         in the presence of substrate).     -   Chemical Labeling of Proteins: A non-luminescent peptide is         fused or tethered to a reactive group (e.g., biotin,         succinimidyl ester, maleimide, etc.). A protein of interest         (e.g., antibody) is tagged with the non-luminescent peptide         through binding of the reactive group to the protein of         interest. Because the peptide is small, it does not affect the         functionality of the protein of interest. Complimentary         non-luminescent polypeptide is added to the system, and a         luminescent complex is produced upon binding to the polypeptide         to the peptide.     -   Protease Assay: For example, a peptide sequence that is         recognized by a protease of interest can be joined to NLPep in         such a way that prevents bioluminescence upon exposure to         NLPoly. Ways to do this include attaching a luminescence         quencher to the protease recognition sequence or binding the         protease recognition sequence to NLPep in such a way that         complementation is hindered. Upon activity of the protease to         cleave the recognition sequence, the ability of NLPoly to         complement to NLPep and emit luminescence is restored, and thus         the system is a sensitive protease assay.     -   RNA detection.     -   Biomolecule Linker characterization: For example, a linker         attached to a biomolecule such as an antibody can be evaluated         for its stability under a set of conditions through attaching         NLPep to the molecule via the linker of interest. Over time, the         production of free NLPep through linker degradation can be         monitored by addition of NLPoly and furimazine and         quantification of bioluminescence produced.     -   Mutation assay: For example, a point mutation, a frameshift         mutation, etc. introduced in vitro or in vivo results in either         a gain of signal or loss of signal from a complementation pair.         Such an assay could be used, for example, to test compounds for         mutagenicity.     -   Target engagement for peptide inhibitors: Use of low affinity         NLpep-conjugated peptides (expressed in cells) to monitor target         engagement of peptide-based inhibitors. NLpoly is tethered to         the target of interest. Engagement results in loss of signal         from luminescent complex.     -   Gain of signal Protease biosensors: A protease cleavage site is         expressed between

NLpoly and a dark peptide NLpep (low affinity). Cleavage releases dark peptide allowing for high affinity NLpep to complement NLpoly.

-   -   Gain of function protease assay: The sequence of an NLpep is         engineered proximal to a cleavage site of a full length         substrate for a protease (e.g., caspase, ADAM, etc). The peptide         remains sterically inaccessible as long as the substrate remains         intact and the peptide is “buried”. Both the genetically         engineered protease substrate and a NLpoly (e.g., NLpoly11S) are         co-transfected into a target cell line. Luciferase activity is         induced upon induction of protease activity which leads to the         cleavage of the substrate and exposure of the activator peptide         on the N- or C-terminus of one of the fragments. This principle         is expandable to detect conformational changes and/or protein         modifications as well.     -   Intracellular analyte quantification using recombinant         intrabodies: Antibody fragments expressed within cells as NLpoly         or NLpep fusion. Complementary subunit is genetically fused to         an analyte of interest. When analyte is present, antibody binds         and luminescent complex is formed. The application is expandable         to intracellular PTM (e.g. phosphorylation) biosensors, in which         the intrabody only binds to the analyte when it has been         phosphorylated (or otherwise bound by the modification-specific         Ab).         The above applications of the compositions and methods of the         present invention are not limiting and may be modified in any         suitable manner while still being within the scope of the         present invention.

The present invention also provides methods for the design and/or optimization of non-luminescent pairs/groups and the bioluminescent complexes that form therefrom. Any suitable method for the design of non-luminescent pairs/groups that are consistent with embodiments described herein, and/or panels thereof, is within the scope of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, non-luminescent pairs/groups are designed de novo to lack luminescence individually and exhibit luminescence upon association. In such embodiments, the strength of the interaction between the non-luminescent elements is insufficient to produce a bioluminescent signal in the absence of interaction elements to facilitate formation of the bioluminescent complex.

In other embodiments, non-luminescent elements and/or non-luminescent pairs are rationally designed, for example, using a bioluminescent protein (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2157) as a starting point. For example, such methods may comprise: (a) aligning the sequences of three or more related proteins; (b) determining a consensus sequence for the related proteins; (c) providing first and second fragments of a bioluminescent protein that is related to the ones from which the consensus sequence was determined, wherein the fragments are individually substantially non-luminescent but exhibit luminescence upon interaction of the fragments; (d) mutating the first and second fragments at one or more positions each (e.g., in vitro, in silico, etc.), wherein said mutations alter the sequences of the fragments to be more similar to a corresponding portion of the consensus sequence, wherein the mutating results in a non-luminescent pair that are not fragments of a preexisting protein, and (e) testing the non-luminescent pair for the absence of luminescence when unassociated and luminescence upon association of the non-luminescent pair. In other embodiments, first and second fragments of one of the proteins used in determining the consensus sequence are provided, mutated, and tested.

In some embodiments, a peptide of a luminescent pair is a ‘dark peptide,’ or one that binds to its complement (e.g., NLpoly) (e.g., with low or high affinity) but produces minimal or no luminescence (See FIGS. 180-182). In some embodiments, a high affinity dark peptide finds use in inverse complementation, or gain of signal assays for measuring inhibitors. In some embodiments, a low affinity dark peptide is used to bring down background of NLpoly11S in a reagent for the detection of a high affinity peptide tag (e.g. NLpep86). Exemplary dark peptides are provided in FIG. 180.

In some embodiments, a peptide of a luminescent pair is a ‘quencher peptide,’ or one that contains a quencher moiety (e.g., DAB), and the quencher absorbs the light/energy produced by both a NLpoly in isolation (e.g., the signal produced independent of a complementing NLpep) and a NLpoly-NLpep complex (e.g., the signal produced as a result of complex formation). Exemplary dark quencher peptides would have a suitable absorption spectrum and include DAB-161 (DAB-GWRLFKK(SEQ ID NO: 2370)), DAB-162 (DAB-GWALFKK (SEQ ID NO: 2351)), DAB-163 (DAB-VTGWALFEEIL(SEQ ID NO: 2372)), DAB-164 (DAB-VTGYALFQEIL (SEQ ID NO: 2573)), DAB-165 (DAB-VTGYALFEQIL (SEQ ID NO: 2574), and DAB-166 (DAB-VTGYALFEEIL (SEQ ID NO: 2575); wherein DAB=Dabcyl (475 nm quencher)+dPEG4 spacer.

In some embodiments, the above methods are not limited to the design and/or optimization of non-luminescent pairs. The same steps are performed to produce pairs of elements that lack a given functionality (e.g., enzymatic activity) individually, but display such functionality when associated. In any of these cases, the strength of the interaction between the non-luminescent pair elements may be altered via mutations to ensure that it is insufficient to produce functionality in the absence of interaction elements that facilitate formation of the bioluminescent complex.

EXPERIMENTAL Example 1 Generation of Peptides

Peptide constructs were generated by one of three methods: annealing 5′-phosphorylated oligonucleotides followed by ligation to pF4Ag-Barnase-HALOTAG vector (Promega Corporation; cut with SgfI and XhoI) or pFN18A (Promega Corporation; cut with SgfI and XbaI), site directed mutagenesis using Quik Change Lightning Multi kit from Agilent or outsourcing the cloning to Gene Dynamics.

Example 2 Peptide Preparation

The peptides generated in Example 1 were prepared for analysis by inoculating a single colony of KRX E. coli cells (Promega Corporation) transformed with a plasmid encoding a peptide into 2-5 ml of LB culture and grown at 37° C. overnight. The overnight cultures (10 ml) were then diluted into 1 L of LB and grown at 37° C. for 3 hours. The cultures were then induced by adding 10 ml 20% rhamnose to the 1 L culture and induced at 25° C. for 18 hours.

After induction, 800 ml of each culture was spun at 5000×g at 4° C. for 30 minutes. The pellet generated was then resuspended in 80 ml Peptide Lysis Buffer (25 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 0.1× Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation), 1 ml/ml lysozyme and 0.03 U/μl RQ1 DNase (Promega Corporation)) and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. The lysed cells were then frozen on dry ice for 15 minutes and then thawed in a room temperature bath for 15 minutes. The cells were then spun at 3500×g at 4° C. for 30 minutes. The supernatants were aliquoted into 10 ml samples with one aliquot of 50 μl placed into a 1.5 ml tube.

To the 50 μl samples, 450 μl H₂O and 167 μl 4×SDS Loading Dye were added, and the samples incubated at 95° C. for 5 minutes. After heating, 5 μl of each sample was loaded (in triplicate) onto an SDS-PAGE gel, and the gel run and stained according to the manufacturer's protocol. The gel was then scanned on a Typhoon Scanner (excitation 532 nm, emission 580 nm, PMT sensitivity 400V). The resulting bands were quantified using the ImageQuant (5.2) software. Each of the three replicate intensities was averaged, and the average intensity of NLpep53-HT was defined at 12× concentration. The concentrations of all other peptides were relative to Pep53-HT.

Example 3 Peptide Analysis

All of the peptides generated in Examples 1-2 contained single mutations to the peptide sequence: GVTGWRLCKRISA (SEQ ID NO: 236). All of the peptides were fused to a HALOTAG protein (Promega Corporation). Peptides identified as “HT-NLpep” indicate that the peptide is located at the C-terminus of the HALOTAG protein. In this case, the gene encoding the peptide includes a stop codon, but does not include a methionine to initiate translation. Peptides identified as “NLpep-HT” indicate that the peptide is at the N-terminus of the HALOTAG protein. In this case, the peptide does include a methionine to initiate translation, but does not include a stop codon.

To determine the ability of the peptides to activate luminescence, individual colonies of KRX E. coli cells (Promega Corporation) was transformed with a plasmid encoding a peptide from Example 1, inoculated in 200 μl of minimal medium (1×M9 salts, 0.1 mM CaCl₂, 2 mM MgSO₄, 1 mM Thiamine HCl, 1% gelatin, 0.2% glycerol, and 100 ul/ml Ampicillin) and grown at 37° C. overnight. In addition to the peptides, a culture of KRX E. coli cells expressing a wild-type (WT) fragment of residues 1-156 of the NanoLuc was grown. All peptides and the WT fragment were inoculated into at least 3 separate cultures.

After the first overnight growth, 10 μl of culture was diluted into 190 μl fresh minimal medium and again grown at 37° C. overnight.

After the second overnight growth, 10 μl of the culture was diluted into 190 μl of auto-induction medium (minimal medium+5% glucose and 2% rhamnose). The cultures were then inducted at 25° C. for approximately 18 hours.

After induction, the small peptide mutant cultures were assayed for activity. The cultures containing the WT 1-156 fragment were pooled, mixed with 10 ml of 2× Lysis Buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 0.3× Passive Lysis Buffer, and 1 mg/ml lysozyme) and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. 30 μl of the lysed WT 1-156 culture was then aliquoted into wells of a white, round bottom 96-well assay plate (Costar 3355). To wells of the assay plate, 20 μl of a peptide culture was added, and the plate incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. After incubation, 50 μl NANOGLO Luciferase Assay Reagent (Promega Corporation) was added, and the samples incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on a GLOMAX luminometer with 0.5 s integrations.

The results (See Table 3 and FIG. 1) demonstrate various mutations in the peptide (relative to SEQ ID NO: 1) that altered (e.g., increased, decreased) the luminescence following complementation with the wild-type non-luminescent polypeptide. The increased luminescence is thought to stem from one (or a combination) of five main factors, any of which are beneficial: affinity between the non-luminescent peptide and non-luminescent polypeptide, expression of the peptide, intracellular solubility, intracellular stability, and bioluminescent activity. The present invention though is not limited to any particular mechanism of action and an understanding of the mechanism of action is not necessary to practice the present invention.

TABLE 3 Mutation HT-NLPep NLpep-HT HT-Pep st. dev. Pep-HT st. dev. G157D 0.1137 0.5493 N.D. N.D. G157N 0.6415 3.3074 0.2512 1.4828 G157S 1.9937 1.7156 0.8554 1.0563 G157E 0.1959 1.4461 0.0811 0.3221 G157H 0.9380 0.5733 0.4366 0.2277 G157C N.D. 0.0468 N.D. 0.0081 G157P N.D. 0.0543 N.D. 0.0106 V158I 0.6075 1.6010 0.3283 0.6264 V158A 0.1348 0.1438 0.0561 0.0447 V158K 0.0770 0.1923 0.0323 0.0521 V158Q 0.0445 0.0397 0.0188 0.0160 V158S 0.0487 0.0838 0.0189 0.0251 T159V 0.5658 0.0455 0.2293 0.0005 T159K 0.0490 0.0307 0.0120 0.0103 T159Q 0.3979 0.0310 0.1063 0.0091 W161T 0.0028 0.0100 0.0007 0.0049 W161K 0.0002 0.0008 9.7E-06 0.0001 W161V 0.0086 0.0050 0.0062 0.0016 W161F N.D. 0.0717 N.D. 0.0049 W161Y N.D. 0.2154 N.D. 0.0103 W161E N.D. 0.0012 N.D. 0.0002 L163I N.D. 0.2923 N.D. 0.1198 L163V 0.1727 0.1190 0.0257 0.0288 L163T 0.0259 0.0262 0.0077 0.0122 L163Y 0.0512 0.1959 0.0126 0.1043 L163K 0.0885 0.0786 0.0130 0.0244 C164N 0.0874 0.1081 0.0097 0.0160 C164T 0.0116 0.0084 0.0029 0.0013 C164F N.D. 13.3131  N.D. 3.6429 C164Y N.D. 1.0092 N.D. 0.2592 C164S N.D. 0.0202 N.D. 0.0029 C164H N.D. 0.7597 N.D. 0.2149 C164M N.D. 3.2618 N.D. 1.1763 C164A N.D. 0.0858 N.D. 0.0196 C164Q N.D. 0.0211 N.D. 0.0044 C164L N.D. 1.0170 N.D. 0.2464 C164K N.D. 0.0005 N.D. 0.0001 R166K 1.0910 1.2069 0.2266 0.5913 R166N 0.1033 0.1182 0.0289 0.0542 I167V 0.8770 1.0824 0.1113 0.2642 I167Q 0.0178 0.1172 0.0252 0.0150 I167E 0.2771 0.2445 0.0358 0.0456 I167R 0.0464 0.0469 0.0027 0.0084 I167F 0.2832 0.1793 0.0159 0.0683 A169N 0.9115 1.7775 0.1114 0.5901 A169T 0.9448 1.3720 0.0930 0.6021 A169R 0.9851 0.5014 0.2205 0.1895 A169L 1.1127 0.9047 0.1906 0.2481 A169E 0.8457 0.7889 0.1445 0.0819

Example 4 Generation of Non-Luminescent Polypeptides

Using pF4Ag-NanoLuc1-156 (WT 1-156) as a template, error-prone PCR (epPCR) was performed using the Diversify PCR Random Mutagenesis Kit from Clontech. The resulting PCR product was digested with SgfI and XbaI and ligated to pF4Ag-Barnase (Promega Corporation), a version of the commercially-available pF4A vector (Promega) which contains T7 and CMV promoters and was modified to contain an E. coli ribosome-binding site. Following transformation into KRX E. coli cells (Promega Corporation) by heat shock at 42° C., individual colonies were used to inoculate 200 μl cultures in clear, flat bottom 96-well plates (Costar 3370).

Example 5 Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Analysis

To determine the luminescence of the non-luminescent polypeptide mutants generated in Example 4, individual colonies of the KRX E. coli cells (Promega Corporation) transformed with a plasmid containing one of the non-luminescent polypeptide mutants from Example 4 was grown according to the procedure used in Example 3. The bacterial cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in Example 3.

To assay each non-luminescent polypeptide mutant induced culture, 30 μl of assay lysis buffer (25 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 0.3× Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation)), 0.006 U/μl RQ1 DNase (Promega Corporation) and 1× Peptide Solution (the relative concentration of the peptides were determined as explained in Example 2; from the relative concentration determined, the peptides were diluted to 1× in the lysis buffer) containing either the peptide fragment GVTGWRLCKRISA (SEQ ID NO: 18) or GVTGWRLFKRISA (SEQ ID NO: 106) were aliquoted into wells of a 96-well assay plate (Costar 3355). To the wells of the assay plate, 20 μl of an induced non-luminescent polypeptide mutant culture was added, and the plate incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. After incubation, 50 μl of NANOGLO Luciferase Assay Reagent (Promega Corporation) was added, and the samples incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on a GLOMAX luminometer with 0.5 s integrations.

The results (Table 4 and FIG. 2) demonstrate numerous point mutations that improve the luminescence of the non-luminescent polypeptide upon complementation with two different peptides. Similar to the mutations in the peptide, these mutations in the non-luminescent polypeptide may stem from various factors, all of which are beneficial to the system as a whole.

TABLE 4 Mutation V157D F31I L18Q R11N GVTGWRLCKRISA 4.98 4.1  3.81 3.37 st dev 0.48 0.37 0.29 0.67 GVTGWRLFKRISA 3.02 2.83 2.99 2.09 st dev 0.77 0.61 0.82 0.03 Mutation Q32R M106V M106I G67S GVTGWRLCKRISA 1.52 1.3  1.27 1.22 st dev 0.2  0.22 0.04 0.26 GVTGWRLFKRISA 1.04 1.4  1.31 1.29 st dev 0.19 0.25 0.35 0.22 Mutation F31L L149M N33K I59T GVTGWRLCKRISA 3.13 2.89 2.15 1.07 st dev 0.26 0.39 0.2  0.07 GVTGWRLFKRISA 2.86 2.16 1.76 1.35 st dev 0.7  0.26 0.08 0.37 Mutation I56N T13I F31V N33R GVTGWRLCKRISA 0.44 2.18 2.12 2.1  st dev 0.05 0.75 0.09 0.18 GVTGWRLFKRISA 1.81 1.44 2.12 1.56 st dev 0.35 0.34 0.46 0.16 Mutation V27M Q20K V58A K75E GVTGWRLCKRISA 1.99 4.43 1.88 2.08 st dev 0.09 0.84 0.6  0.47 GVTGWRLFKRISA 1.7  2.33 1.07 2.05 st de 0.11 0.38 0.26 0.37 Mutation G15S G67D R112N N156D GVTGWRLCKRIS 1.98 1.78 1.61 1.57 st de 0.99 0.11 0.2  0.21 GVTGWRLFKRIS 2.34 1.57 1.45 1.21 st de 0.82 0.17 0.47 0.26 Mutation D108N N144T N156S GVTGWRLCKRIS 2.08 3.69 1.04 st de 0.6  1.12 0.29 GVTGWRLFKRIS 1.88 2.26 1.4  st de 0.38 0.51 0.28 *Units in Table 4 are RLU(mutant)/RLU(WT)

Example 6 Glycine to Alanine Substitutions in Non-Luminescent Polypeptide

The following example identified glycine residues within the non-luminescent polypeptide that can be substituted to alanine to provide an improved (e.g., greater luminescent signal) non-luminescent polypeptide. The substitutions were made singly (See FIG. 3), or in composites (FIG. 2). Non-luminescent polypeptides containing glycine to alanine substitutions were generated as described in Example 1.

Each single mutant colony was inoculated in 200 μl Minimal Media (1×M9 salts, 0.1 mM CaCl₂, 2 mM MgSO₄, 1 mM Thiamine HCl, 1% gelatin, 0.2% glycerol and 1× ampicillin) and incubated with shaking at 37° C. for 20 hours. 10 μl of the culture was then added to 190 μl of fresh Minimal Media and incubated again with shaking at 37° C. for 20 hours. 10 μl of the second culture was then added to 190 μl Auto-Induction Media (Minimal Media+5% glucose+2% rhamnose) and incubated with shaking at 25° C. for 18 hours to allow expression of the non-luminescent polypeptide.

To assay each mutant culture, 30 μl of assay lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 0.3× Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation)) and 0.006 U/μl RQ1 DNase (Promega Corporation)) containing non-luminescent peptide (1:10 dilution of NLpep9-HT (NLpep9 is SEQ ID NO: 17 and 18; HT is HaloTag E. coli clarified lysate) was added. The samples were shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes, and then 50 μl NANOGLO Luciferase Assay Reagent (Promega Corporation) was added. The samples were incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes, and luminescence was measured on a GLOMAX luminometer with 0.5 s integrations.

To generate the NLpep9-HT E. coli clarified lysate, 5 ml LB was inoculated with a single E. coli colony of NLpep9-HT and incubated at 37° C. overnight. 500 μl of the overnight culture was then diluted in 50 mls LB and incubated at 37° C. for 3 hours. 500 μl of 20% rhamnose was added and incubated at 25° C. for 18 hours. The expression culture was centrifuged at 3000×g for 30 minutes, and the cell pellet resuspended in 5 ml peptide lysis buffer (25 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 0.1× Passive Lysis Buffer, 1 mg/ml lysozyme, and 0.3 U/μl RQ1 DNase) and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. The lysed sample was placed on dry ice for 15 minutes, thawed in a room temperature water bath and centrifuged at 3500×g for 30 minutes. The supernatant was the clarified lysate.

FIGS. 3 and 4 demonstrate the effects of the mutations on luminescence.

Example 7 Mutations in Non-Luminescent Peptide

In the following example, mutations were made in the non-luminescent peptide based on alignment to other fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) and were chosen based on high probability (frequency in FABPs) to identify a mutation that retains/improves activity (such as NLpep2, 4, and 5) or establish that a mutation is not likely to be tolerated at that position (such as NLpep3). NLpep1-5 contain single mutations (See Table 1), and NLpep6-9 are composite sets of the mutations in NLpep2, 4, and 5 (See Table 1). Mutants were generated as described in Example 1.

Each mutant colony was inoculated in 200 μl Minimal Media and incubated with shaking at 37° C. for 20 hours. 10 μl of the culture was then added to 190 μl of fresh Minimal Media and incubated again with shaking at 37° C. for 20 hours. 10 μl of the second culture was then added to 190 μl Auto-Induction Media and incubated with shaking at 25° C. for 18 hours to allow expression of the non-luminescent peptide mutant.

To assay each mutant culture, 30 μl of assay lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 0.3× Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation)) and 0.006 U/μl RQ1 DNase (Promega Corporation)) containing non-luminescent polypeptide (1:10 dilution of wild-type non-luminescent polypeptide E. coli clarified lysate) was added. The samples were shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes, and then 50 μl NANOGLO Luciferase Assay Reagent (Promega Corporation) added. The samples were incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes, and luminescence was measured on a GLOMAX luminometer with 0.5 s integrations.

FIG. 1 shows the luminescence (RLUs) detected in each non-luminescent peptide mutant. The results demonstrate various positions that are able to tolerate a mutation without substantial loss in luminescence, as well as a few specific mutations that improve luminescence.

Example 8 Effect of Orientation of Fusion Tag on Luminescence

In the following example, luminescence generated by non-luminescent peptides with N- or C-terminus HaloTag protein was compared.

Single colony of each peptide-HT fusion was grown according to the procedure used in Example 7. The bacterial cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in Example 7. Luminescence was assayed and detected according to the procedure used in Example 7. FIGS. 6 and 7 demonstrate the luminescence (RLUs) detected in each peptide-HT fusion. The results demonstrate combinations of mutations that produce similar luminescence as NLpep1.

Example 9 Effect of Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Non-Luminescent Peptides

1 ml of NLpep9-HT was frozen on dry ice for 5 minutes and then thawed in a room temperature water bath for 5 minutes. 60 μl was then removed for assaying. The freeze-thaw procedure was then repeated another 10 times. After each freeze-thaw cycle, 60 μl of sample was removed for assaying.

To assay, 20 μl of each freeze-thaw sample was mixed with 30 μl of SEQ ID NO:2 and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. 50 μl of NANOGLO Luciferase Assay Reagent was added, and the samples incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on a GLOMAX luminometer with 0.5 s integrations. The results are depicted in FIG. 8 and demonstrate that NLpep can be subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles without a loss in activity (luminescence).

Example 10 Distinction of Mutations in Non-Luminescent Peptides

In the following example, TMR gel analysis was used to normalize the concentration of the non-luminescent peptide mutants to distinguish mutations that alter the expression from those that alter luminescence (e.g., altered luminescence may stem from altered binding affinity).

5 ml of LB was inoculated with a single mutant peptide colony and incubated with shaking at 37° C. for 20 hours. 50 μl of the overnight culture was diluted into 5 ml of fresh LB and incubated with shaking at 37° C. for 3 hours. 50 μl of 20% rhamnose was then added and incubated with shaking at 25° C. for 18 hours.

For TMR gel analysis, 79 μl of each induced culture was mixed with 10 μl 10× Fast Break Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation), 10 μl of a 1:100 dilution of HALOTAG TMR ligand (Promega Corporation) non-luminescent polypeptide and 10 μl of RQ1 DNase and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. 33.3 μl of 4×SDS-loading buffer was added, and the samples incubated at 95° C. for 5 minutes. 15 μl of each sample was loaded onto an SDS gel and run according to the manufacturer's directions. The gel was then scanned on a Typhoon.

Each culture was diluted based on the TMR-gel intensity to normalize concentrations. 20 μl of each diluted culture was then mixed with 30 μl assay lysis buffer containing non-luminescent polypeptide (1:10 dilution of SEQ ID NO: 2 E. coli clarified lysate) and incubated with shaking at room temperature for 10 minutes. 50 μl of NANOGLO Luciferase Assay Reagent was added, and the samples incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on a GLOMAX luminometer with 0.5 s integrations (SEE FIG. 9).

Example 11 Site Saturation in Non-Luminescent Polypeptide

In the following example, positions 11, 15, 18, 31, 58, 67, 106, 149, and 157 were identified as sites of interest from screening the library of random mutations in wild-type non-luminescent polypeptide. All 20 amino acids at these positions (built on 5A2 non-luminescent mutant generated in Example 6 (SEQ ID NOS: 539 and 540) to validate with other mutations in the 5A2 mutant) were compared to determine the optimal amino acid at that position. Mutant non-luminescent polypeptides were generated as previously described in Example 1. Single colony of each non-luminescent polypeptide mutant was grown according to the procedure used in Example 6. The bacterial cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in Example 6. Luminescence was assayed and detected according to the procedure used in Example 6 expect NLpep53 E. coli clarified lysate was used at 1:11.85 dilution.

FIGS. 10-18 demonstrate the effect of the mutations on the ability to produce luminescence with and without NLpep.

Example 12 Comparison of Cysteine Vs. Proline as First Amino Acid in Non-Luminescent Peptide

In the following example, a comparison of using cysteine or proline as first amino acid (after necessary methionine) in the non-luminescent peptide was performed. The mutant non-luminescent peptides were generated as previously described in Example 1. Single colony of each non-luminescent polypeptide mutant was grown according to the procedure used in Example 7. The bacterial cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in Example 7. Luminescence was assayed and detected according to the procedure used in Example 7.

FIG. 19 demonstrates that both cysteine and proline can be used as the first amino acid of NLpep and produce luminescence.

Example 13 Identification of the Optimal Composite Set of Mutations for the Non-Luminescent Peptide

In the following examples, an optimal composite set(s) of mutations for the non-luminescent peptide were identified. The mutant non-luminescent peptides were generated as previously described in Example 1.

-   -   1) For non-luminescent peptide composite mutants NLpep53,         NLpep66, NLpep67, and NLpep68, a single colony of each was grown         according to the procedure used in Example 10. The bacterial         cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in         Example 10. TMR gel analysis and luminescence was assayed and         detected according to the procedure used in Example 10. The         results in FIG. 20 demonstrate the luminescence as well as         the E. coli expression of NLpeps containing multiple         mutations. 2) For non-luminescent peptide composite mutants         NLpep53 and NLpeps 66-74, a single colony of each was grown         according to the procedure used in Example 7. The bacterial         cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in         Example 7. Luminescence was assayed and detected according to         the procedure used in Example 7. The results in FIG. 21         demonstrate the luminescence of NLpeps containing multiple         mutations.     -   3) For non-luminescent peptide     -   composite mutants NLpep53 and NLpeps 66-76, a single colony of         each was grown according to the procedure used in Example 7. The         bacterial cultures were also induced according to the procedure         used in Example 7. Luminescence was assayed and detected         according to the procedure used in Example 7 except the         non-luminescent polypeptide was 5A2 or 5A2+R11E (1:10 dilution         of E. coli clarified lysate). The results in FIG. 22 demonstrate         the luminescence of NLpeps containing multiple mutations with         5A2 or 5A2+R11E. These results also demonstrate the lower         luminescence when the NLpoly mutation R11E is complemented with         an NLpep containing E as the 9th residue (NLpep72, 75, and 76).     -   4) For non-luminescent peptide composite mutants NLpep1,         NLpep69, NLpep78 and NLpep79, a single colony of each was grown         according to the procedure used in Example 7. The bacterial         cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in         Example 7. Luminescence was assayed and detected according to         the procedure used in Example 7 except the non-luminescent         polypeptide was WT (1:10 dilution of E. coli clarified lysate).         The results in FIG. 23 demonstrate the luminescence of NLpeps         containing multiple mutations.

Example 14 Composite Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Mutants

In the following example, 9 mutations from the library screens were combined into a composite clone (NLpoly1, SEQ ID NOS: 941,942), and then one of the mutations reverted back to the original amino acid (NLpoly2-10, SEQ ID NOS: 943-960) in order to identify the optimal composite set. Based on previous results of NLpoly1-10, NLpoly11-13 (SEQ ID NOS: 961-966) were designed and tested for the same purpose. Mutant NLpolys were generated as previously described in Example 1. Single colony of each non-luminescent polypeptide mutant was grown according to the procedure used in Example 6. The bacterial cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in Example 6. Luminescence was assayed and detected according to the procedure used in Example 6 expect NLpep53 E. coli clarified lysate was used at 1:11.85 dilution.

FIG. 24 demonstrates the luminescence of NLpolys containing multiple mutations.

Example 15 Substrate Specificity of Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Mutants

The following example investigates the substrate specificity of the non-luminescent polypeptide mutants. Luminescence generated from luminescent complexes formed from various non-luminescent polypeptide mutants, either Furimazine or coelenterazine as a substrate, and various non-luminescent peptides.

HEK 293 cells were plated at 100,000 cells/ml into wells of a 24 well plates containing 0.5 ml DMEM+10% FBS (50,000/well). The cells were incubated in a 37° C., 5% CO₂ incubator overnight. DNA for expression of each non-luminescent polypeptide mutant was transfected in duplicate. 1 ug plasmid DNA containing a non-luminescent polypeptide mutant was mixed with OptiMEM (Life Technologies) to a final volume of 52 ul. 3.3 μl of Fugene HD (Promega Corporation) was added, and samples incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. 25 μl of each sample mixture was added to two wells and incubated overnight in a 37° C., 5% CO₂ incubator overnight. After overnight incubation, the growth media was removed and 0.5 ml DMEM (without phenol red)+0.1% Prionex added. The cells were then frozen on dry ice (for how long) and thawed prior to detecting luminescence.

In FIGS. 25-26, luminescence was assayed and detected according to the procedure used in Example 6, except NLpep53 E. coli clarified lysate was used at 1:10 dilution and either Furimazine or coelenterazine in either NanoGlo Luciferase Assay buffer or DMEM were used. This data demonstrates the luminescence of NLpolys in NANOGLO and DMEM with either Furimazine or Coelenterazine as the substrate. This indicates the substrate specificity (Furimazine versus Coelenterazine) of the NLpoly in both NANOGLO and DMEM.

In FIG. 27, luminescence was assayed and detected according to the procedure used in Example 6, except E. coli clarified lysate from various non-luminescent peptides (NLpep1, NLpep9, NLpep48, NLpep53, NLpep69 or NLpep76) were used at 1:10 dilution. In addition, either Furimazine or coelenterazine in either NanoGlo Luciferase Assay buffer were used. This data demonstrates the substrate specificity of NLpoly/NLpep pairs.

In FIG. 28, luminescence was assayed and detected by separately diluting NLpep53-HT fusion 1:10 and the non-luminescent polypeptide lysates 1:10 in DMEM+0.1% Prionex. 20 μl of non-luminescent peptide and 20 μl non-luminescent polypeptide were then combined and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. 40 μl of NanoGlo Buffer with 100 uM Furimazine or DMEM with 0.1% Prionex and 20 uM Furimazine was then added to the samples, and luminescence detected on GloMax Multi. This data demonstrates the substrate specificity of NLpolys expressed in HEK293 cells.

In FIG. 29, luminescence was assayed and detected by separately diluting NLpep1-HT, NLpep53-HT, NLpep69-HT or NLpep76-HT fusion 1:10 and the non-luminescent polypeptide lysates 1:10 in DMEM+0.1% Prionex. 20 μl of non-luminescent peptide and 20 μl non-luminescent polypeptide were then combined and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. 40 μl of NanoGlo Buffer with 100 uM Furimazine or DMEM with 0.1% Prionex and 20 uM Furimazine was then added to the samples, and luminescence detected on GloMax Multi. This data demonstrates the luminescence of NLpolys expressed in mammalian cells and assayed with various NLpeps.

Example 16 Signal-to-Background of Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Mutants with Furimazine or Coelenterazine

The following example investigates signal-to-background of the non-luminescent polypeptide mutants. Luminescence generated from various non-luminescent polypeptide mutants was measured using either Furimazine or coelenterazine as a substrate as well as with various non-luminescent peptides.

HEK 293 cells were plated at 15,000 cells/well in 100 μl DMEM+10% FBS into wells of 96-well plates. The cells were incubated in a 37° C., 5% CO₂ incubator overnight. Transfection complexes were prepared by adding 0.66 μg each of plasmid DNA for expression of a non-luminescent polypeptide mutant and a non-luminescent peptide mutant plasmid to a final volume of 31 μl in OptiMem. 2 μl Fugene HD was added to each transfection complex and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. For each peptide/polypeptide combination, 5 μl of a transfection complex was added to 6 wells of the 96-well plate and grown overnight at 37 C in CO₂ incubator. After overnight incubation, the growth media was removed and replaced with CO₂— independent media containing either 20 uM coelenterazine or 20 uM Furimazine. The samples were incubated for 10 minutes at 37° C., and kinetics measured over the course of 1 hour at 37° C. on a GloMax Multi+. FIG. 30 demonstrates the substrate specificity of various NLpoly/NLpep pairs when the NLpoly is expressed in mammalian cells.

Example 17 Luminescence and Substrate Specificity

The following example investigates the luminescence and substrate specificity of various non-luminescent polypeptide mutants with NLpep69 and using either Furimazine or coelenterazine as a substrate.

CHO cells were plated at 20,000 cells/well in 100 μl of DMEM+10% FBS into wells of 96-well plates. The cells were incubated in a 37° C., 5% CO2 incubator overnight. Transfection complexes were prepared by adding 0.66 ug each of plasmid DNA for expression of a non-luminescent polypeptide mutant and a non-luminescent peptide mutant plasmid to a final volume of 31 μl in OptiMem. 2 μl Fugene HD was added to each transfection complex and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. For each peptide/polypeptide combination, 5 μl of transfection complex was added to 6 wells of the 96-well plate and grown overnight at 37 C in CO₂ incubator. After overnight incubation, the growth media was removed and replaced with CO₂— independent media containing either 20 uM coelenterazine or 20 uM Furimazine. The samples were incubated for 10 minutes at 37° C., and kinetics measured over the course of 1 hour at 37° C. on a GloMax Multi+. FIG. 31 demonstrates the substrate specificity when NLpolys are coexpressed in mammalian cells with NLpep69.

Example 18 Luminescence and Substrate Specificity Between Live-Cell and Lytic Conditions

The following example investigates the luminescence and substrate specificity of various non-luminescent polypeptide mutants with NLpep69, NLpep78 or NLpep79, using either Furimazine or coelenterazine as a substrate and under either lytic or live cell conditions.

HEK 293 cells were plated at 15,000 cells/well in 100 μl DMEM+10% FBS into wells of 96-well plates. The cells were incubated in a 37° C., 5% CO2 incubator overnight. Transfection complexes were prepared by adding 0.66 ug each of plasmid DNA for expression of a non-luminescent polypeptide mutant and a non-luminescent peptide mutant plasmid to a final volume of 31 μl in OptiMem. 2 μl Fugene HD was added to each transfection complex and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. For each NLpoly-NLpep combination, 5 μl of transfection complex was added to 6 wells of the 96-well plate and grown overnight at 37 C in CO2 incubator. After overnight incubation, the growth media was removed and replaced with CO2-independent media containing either 20 uM coelenterazine or 20 uM Furimazine. The samples were incubated for 10 minutes at 37° C., and kinetics measured over the course of 1 hour at 37° C. on a GloMax Multi+. FIGS. 32-34 demonstrate the substrate specificity of NLPolys coexpressed in mammalian cells with NLpep69, 78, or 79 in live-cell and lytic formats.

Example 19 Comparison of Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Mutants Expressed in E. coli

A single colony of each non-luminescent polypeptide was grown according to the procedure used in Example 7. The bacterial cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in Example 7. Luminescence was assayed and detected according to the procedure used in Example 7 except NLpep78-HT or NLpep79-HT at 1:1,000 dilution was used. FIG. 35 demonstrates the luminescence of NLpolys expressed in E. coli and assayed with NLpep78 or 79.

Example 20 Ability of Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Clones to Produce Luminescence without Complementing Non-Luminescent Peptide

A single colony of each non-luminescent polypeptide was grown according to the procedure used in Example 7. The bacterial cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in Example 7. Luminescence was assayed and detected according to the procedure used in Example 7 except no non-luminescent peptide was added to the assay buffer. FIG. 36 demonstrates the luminescence of NLpolys expressed in E. coli and assayed in the absence of NLpep.

Example 21 Substrate Specificity of Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Mutants Expressed in E. coli

A single colony of each non-luminescent polypeptide was grown according to the procedure used in Example 7. The bacterial cultures were also induced according to the procedure used in Example 7. Luminescence was assayed and detected according to the procedure used in Example except either Furimazine or coelenterazine was mixed with NANOGLO Assay Buffer. FIG. 37 demonstrates the substrate specificity of NLpolys expressed in E. coli and assayed with NLpep78 or 79.

Example 22 Improved Luminescence of Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Mutants with NLpep78

Complementation of the non-luminescent polypeptide mutants with NLpep78-HT was demonstrated in CHO and Hela cells.

CHO and Hela cells (CHO: 100,000 seeded the day prior to transfection; Hela: 50,000 seeded the day prior to transfection) were transfected with 5 ng of a non-luminescent polypeptide mutant 5A2 or 5P or with wild-type non-luminescent polypeptide using Fugene HD into wells of a 24-well plate and incubated at 37° C. overnight. After the overnight incubation, the media was replaced with DMEM without phenol red, and the cells frozen at −80° C. for 30 minutes. The cells were then thawed and transferred to a 1.5 ml tube. The cell lysates were then diluted 1:10 DMEM without phenol red, 20 μl mixed with NLpep78 (NLpep78-HT7 E. coli lysate diluted 1:1,000 in DMEM without phenol red) and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. 40 μl DMEM without phenol red and 20 uM Furimazine were added and luminescence measured on a GloMax with a 0.5 second integration. FIG. 38 demonstrates the luminescence of NLpolys expressed in mammalian cells and assayed with NLpep78.

Example 23 Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Fusions and Normalizing Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Concentrations

A comparison of raw and normalized luminescence from non-luminescent polypeptide fused to either firefly luciferase (FIG. 39) or click beetle red luciferase (FIG. 40) were performed to provide insight into how much benefit, e.g., in expression, solubility and/or stability, stems from the concentration of the non-luminescent polypeptide as well as complementation as a fusion non-luminescent polypeptide.

HEK293, Hela or CHO cells were transfected with 5 ng 5P NLpoly-firefly luciferase fusion, 5P NLpoly-click beetle luciferase fusion, wild-type 5P-firefly luciferase fusion or wild-type 5P-click beetle luciferase fusion according to the procedure in Example 22. Lysates were also prepared according to Example 22. The cell lysates were then diluted 1:10 DMEM without phenol red, 20 μl mixed with NLpep78 (diluted 1:100 in DMEM without phenol red; E. coli lysate) and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. 40 μl NanoGlo with 20 uM Furimazine or Bright-Glo (Promega Corporation) was added and luminescence measured on a GloMax with 0.5 second integration. FIGS. 39 and 40 demonstrate the specific activity of 5P versus WT NLpoly expressed in mammalian cells and assayed with NLpep78.

Example 24 Complementation in Live Cells

This example demonstrates complementation in live-cells using either wild-type or 5P NLpoly. Hela cells plated into wells of 96-well plated, transfected with 0.5 ng of wild-type or 5P non-luminescent polypeptide plasmid DNA using Fugene HD and incubated at 37° C. overnight. After the overnight incubation, the cells were then transfected with 0.5 ng NLpep78-HT plasmid DNA using Fugene HD and incubated at 37° C. for 3 hours. The media was then replaced with CO₂-independent media+0.1% FBS and 20 uM PBI-4377 and luminescence measured at 37° C. on a GloMax with 0.5 second integration. FIG. 41 demonstrates the live-cell complementation between 5P or WT NLpoly and NLpep78.

Example 25 Complementation in Cell-Free Extract

To demonstrate complementation in cell-free extract, 0.5 ug NLpep78-HT and 0.5 ug non-luminescent polypeptide mutant plasmid DNA were mixed with TNT rabbit reticulocyte lysate master mix (Promega Corporation) and incubated at 30° C. for 1 hour. 25 μl of the cell-free expression extract was mixed with 25 μl NanoGlo Luciferase Assay reagent and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on a GloMax with 0.5 second integration. FIG. 42 demonstrates luminescence from complementing NLpoly/NLpep pairs expressed in a cell-free format.

Example 26 Binding Affinity of Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Expressed in Mammalian Cells with Synthetic Non-Luminescent Peptide

To demonstrate the binding affinity between non-luminescent polypeptide and non-luminescent peptide pairs, non-luminescent polypeptide lysates from Hela, HEK293 and CHO cells were prepared as previously described and diluted 1:10 PBS+0.1% Prionex. 4× concentrations of non-luminescent peptide (synthetic) were made in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 20 μl of the non-luminescent polypeptide lysate was mixed with 20 μl non-luminescent peptide and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. 40 μl of NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent or PBS+0.1% Prionex with Furimazine was added and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was detected on a GloMax with 0.5 s integration. Kd values were determined using Graphpad Prism, One Site-Specific Binding. FIGS. 43 and 44 demonstrate the dissociation constants measured under various buffer conditions (PBS for complementation then NanoGlo for detection, PBS for complementation and detection, NanoGlo for complementation and detection).

Example 27 Improved Binding Affinity when Cysteine Mutated to Phenylalanine in Non-Luminescent Peptide Mutants

To demonstrate improved binding affinity in non-luminescent peptide mutants with a mutated cysteine at the 8^(th) residue of the peptide, non-luminescent polypeptide mutant lysates from Hela, HEK293 and CHO cells were prepared as previously described and diluted 1:10 PBS+0.1% Prionex. 4× concentrations of non-luminescent peptide (NLpep) were made in PBS+0.1% Prionex+10 mM DTT. 20 μl of the non-luminescent polypeptide lysate was mixed with 20 μl non-luminescent peptide and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. 40 μl of NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent was added and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was detected on a GloMax with 0.5 s integration. FIG. 45 demonstrates NLpep C8F mutation significantly improves the binding affinity for 5P.

Example 28 Detectable Luminescence of Polypeptide Variants without Non-Luminescent Peptide in Hela Cells

To demonstrate luminescence in non-luminescent polypeptide without non-luminescent peptide, Hela cells (10,000 seeded the day prior to transfection) in wells of a 96-well plate were transfected with varying amounts of non-luminescent polypeptide+pGEM-3zf Carrier DNA to a total of 50 ng using Fugene HD and incubated 37° C. overnight. After incubation, the media was replaced with CO₂-independent media+0.1% FBS+20 uM Furimazine and incubated at 37° C. for 10 minutes, and luminescence detected on a GloMax with 0.5 s integration. FIG. 46 demonstrates the luminescence of NLpoly WT or 5P in live Hela cells without NLpep after transfection of various amounts of plasmid DNA.

Example 29 Generation of Additional Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Variants

Additional non-luminescent polypeptide variants: Ile-11 (Ile at residue 11), Val-11, Tyr-11, Glu-11, Glu-157, Pro-157, Asp-157, Ser-157, Met-149, Leu-106, NLpoly11, and NLpoly12 were generated as described below, and their expression analyzed. The additional non-luminescent polypeptide variants were made in the 5A2 non-luminescent polypeptide background.

Fresh individual colonies (KRX) of each additional non-luminescent polypeptide variants were picked and grown overnight in LB+ampicillin (100 ug/ml) at 30° C. and then diluted 1:100 in LB+ampicillin and grown at 37° C. for 2.5 hours (OD600˜0.5). Rhamnose was added to a final concentration of 0.2%, and the cells were split in triplicate and grown overnight at 25° C. for ˜18 h. Cells were lysed using 0.5× Fast Break for 30 minutes at ambient temperature, snap-frozen on dry ice, and stored at −20° C. Upon fast thawing, soluble fractions were prepared by centrifugation at 10K for 15 min at 4° C. Samples were assayed for luminescence on a Tecan Infinite F-500 luminometer.

FIG. 49 demonstrates that total lysate and soluble fraction of each non-luminescent polypeptide variant as analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The data provides information about expression, solubility and stability of the additional non-luminescent polypeptide variants. A majority of the additional non-luminescent polypeptide variants produced more protein (total and soluble) than wild-type, but in many cases, the difference is subtle. Improved expression for NLpoly11 and NLpoly 12 was more noticeable.

Example 30 Background Luminescence of Additional Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Variants

The background luminescence of the additional non-luminescent polypeptide variants generated in Example 29 was measured by incubating 25 μl of non-luminescent polypeptide variant lysate with 25 μl DMEM at room temperature for 10 minutes. 50 μl NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent was then added, and luminescence measured at 5 and 30 minutes on a Tecan Infinite F500. NLpep53 (Pep 53) alone and DMEM (DMEM) alone were used as controls. FIG. 47 demonstrates that a majority of the additional non-luminescent polypeptide variants showed elevated background luminescence.

Example 31 Luminescence of Additional Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Variants after Complementation

Luminescence of the additional non-luminescent polypeptide variants generated in Example 28 was measured by incubating 25 μl of non-luminescent polypeptide variant lysate with 25 μl NLpep-53 at room temperature for 10 minutes 50 μl NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent was then added, and luminescence measured at 5 and 30 minutes on a Tecan Infinite F500. NLpep53 (Pep 53) alone and DMEM (DMEM) alone were used as controls. FIG. 48 demonstrates that the non-luminescent polypeptide variants Val-11, Glu-11, Glu-157, Pro-157, Asp-157, Ser-157 and Met-149 generated significantly more luminescence than parental 5A2.

Example 32 Correlation Between Increased Background Luminescence of Non-Luminescent Polypeptide in the Absence of Non-Luminescent Peptide and Amount of Protein in Soluble Fraction

Individual colonies of the non-luminescent polypeptide variants 3P, 3E, 5P, 5E, 6P and 6E were picked and grown overnight in LB+ampicillin at 30° C. and then diluted 1:100 in LB+ampicillin and grown at 37° C. for 2.5 hours (OD600˜0.5). Rhamnose was added to a final concentration of 0.2%, and the cells were split in triplicate and grown overnight at 25° C. for ˜18 h. Cells were lysed using 0.5× Fast Break for 30 minutes at ambient temperature, snap-frozen on dry ice, and stored at −20° C. Upon fast thawing, soluble fractions were prepared by centrifugation at 10K for 15 min at 4° C. Samples were assayed for luminescence on a Tecan Infinite F-500. FIG. 50A shows the total lysate and soluble fraction of each non-luminescent polypeptide variant. FIG. 50B shows the background luminescence of each non-luminescent polypeptide variant. FIG. 51 shows the luminescence generated with each non-luminescent polypeptide variant when complemented with 10 or 100 nM NLpep78 (NVSGWRLFKKISN) in LB medium.

Example 33 Elongations and Deletions of Non-Luminescent Polypeptide

The non-luminescent polypeptide variant 5P was either elongated at the C-terminus by the addition of the residues VAT, AA, VTG, VT, VTGWR (SEQ ID NO: 2576), VTGW (SEQ ID NO: 2577), V, A, VA, GC; AT, GTA, ATG or GT or deletion of 1 to 7 residues at the C-terminus of 5P, e.g., D1=deletion of 1 residue, D2=deletion of 2 residues, etc. Background luminescence in E. coli lysates (FIG. 52) and luminescence generated after complementation with NLpep78 (FIG. 53; NVSGWRLFKKISN (SEQ ID NO: 374)) or NLpep79 (FIG. 54; NVTGYRLFKKISN(SEQ ID NO: 376)) were measured. FIG. 55 shows the signal-to-background of the non-luminescent polypeptide 5P variants. FIG. 56 provides a summary of the luminescent results. FIG. 57 shows the amount of total lysate and soluble fraction in each non-luminescent polypeptide 5P variant.

Example 34 Comparison of 5P and 1107L Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Variant

FIG. 58 shows the amount of total lysate and soluble fraction of 5P and I107L (A), luminescence generated by 5P or I107L without non-luminescent peptide or with NLpep78 or NLpep79 (B) and the improved signal-to-background of I107L over 5P (C).

Example 35 Generation of 5P Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Mutants

Mutations identified in a screening of random mutations in the 5P non-luminescent polypeptide variant were generated as previously described. Each single 5P non-luminescent polypeptide mutant colony was inoculated in 200 μl Minimal Media and incubated with shaking at 37° C. for 20 hours. 10 μl of the culture was then added to 190 μl of fresh Minimal Media and incubated again with shaking at 37° C. for 20 hours. 10 μl of the second culture was then added to 190 μl Auto-Induction Media (Minimal Media+5% glucose+2% rhamnose) and incubated with shaking at 25° C. for 18 hours to allow expression of the non-luminescent polypeptide mutant. 10 μl of the 5P non-luminescent polypeptide mutant expression culture was added to 40 μl of assay lysis buffer containing NLpep78-HT (1:386 dilution) or NLpep79-HT (1:1,000 dilution) and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. 50 μl of NanoGlo Assay Buffer containing 100 uM coelenterazine was added and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on GloMax with 0.5 sec integration. FIGS. 59-62A shows background luminescence while FIGS. 59-62B and C show luminescence generated after complementation with NLpep78 or NLpep79.

Example 36 Binding Affinity Between Elongated Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Variant and Deleted Non-Luminescent Peptide

The binding affinity between an elongated non-luminescent polypeptide variant, i.e., containing additional amino acids at the C-terminus, and a deleted non-luminescent peptide, i.e., deleted amino acids at the N-terminus.

Lysates of E. coli expressing non-luminescent polypeptide 5P/+V/+VT/+VTG prepared as previously described were diluted 1:2000 in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 25 μl of the diluted lysate was incubated with 25 μl of NLpep78, NLpep80, NLpep81 or NLpep82 (diluted 0-500 nM in dilution buffer) for 5 min at room temp. 50 μl of Furimazine diluted to 1× with NanoGlo Assay Buffer was added to each sample and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Luminescence was measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 63 demonstrates the binding affinity between NLpolys with additional amino acids at the C-terminus with NLpeps with amino acids deleted from the N-terminus.

Example 37 Binding Affinity Between Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Expressed in E. coli and Synthetic Non-Luminescent Peptide

Non-luminescent polypeptide LB lysates were prepared and diluted 1:100 into PBS+0.1% Prionex. 2× dilutions of synthetic NLpep78 were made in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 25 μl of the diluted non-luminescent polypeptide lysate was mixed with 25 μl of each dilution of non-luminescent peptide and incubated 3 minutes at ambient temperature. 50 μl of NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent was added, incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature, and luminescence measured on a GloMax Multi+. FIG. 64 shows the calculated Kd values using one-site specific binding.

Example 38 Binding Affinity Between 5P Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Expressed in Mammalian Cells and NLpep80 or NLpep87

Lysates of CHO, HEK293T, or HeLa cells expressing NLpoly 5P were diluted 1:1000 in dilution buffer (PBS+0.1% Prionex.) 25 μl of diluted lysate was incubated with 25 μl of NLpep80/87 (diluted 0-5 μM in dilution buffer) for 5 min at room temp. 50 μl of furimazine (diluted to 1× with NanoGlo buffer) was added to each well, and the plate was incubated for 10 min at room temp. Luminescence was then read on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time (FIG. 65).

Example 39 Binding Affinity Between 5P Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Expressed in E. coli and NLpep80 or NLpep87

Lysates of E. coli expressing NLpoly 5P were diluted 1:2000 in dilution buffer (PBS+0.1% Prionex.) 25 μl of diluted lysate was incubated with 25 μl of NLpep80/87 (diluted 0-5 μM in dilution buffer) for 5 min at room temp. 50 μl of furimazine (diluted to 1× with NanoGlo buffer) was added to each well, and the plate was incubated for 10 min at room temp. Luminescence was then read on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time (FIG. 66).

Example 40 Complementation Between a Deleted Non-Luminescent Polypeptide and Elongated Non-Luminescent Peptide

Complementation between a deleted non-luminescent polypeptide, i.e., amino acids deleted from the C-terminus, and an elongated non-luminescent peptide, i.e., amino acids added to the N-terminus, was performed. NLpep-HT E. coli clarified lysates as prepared as previously described in Example 6. The amount of NLpep-HT was quantitated via the HaloTag fusion. Briefly, 10 μl of clarified lysate was mixed with 10 μl HaloTag-TMR ligand (diluted 1:100) and 80 μl water and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. 33.3 μl 4×SDS Loading Buffer was added and incubated at 95° C. for 5 minutes. 15 μl was loaded onto an SDS-PAGE gel and imaged on a Typhoon. Based on the intensities from the SDS-PAGE gel, non-luminescent peptides were diluted in PBS+0.1% Prionex non-luminescent peptides to make equivalent concentrations. The non-luminescent polypeptide lysates were then diluted 1:100 in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 20 μl of diluted non-luminescent polypeptide and 20 μl diluted non-luminescent peptide were mixed and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. 40 μl NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent was added and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on a GloMax using 0.5 sec integration. FIG. 67 demonstrates the luminescence of NLpolys with amino acids removed from the C-terminus with NLpeps with additional amino acids on the N-terminus.

Example 41 Binding Affinity Between 5P Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Expressed in Hela Cells and NLpep78 or Truncated NLpep78 (NLpep80-87)

5P non-luminescent polypeptide lysate was prepared from Hela cells as previously described and diluted prepared 1:10 in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 4× concentrations (range determined in preliminary titration experiment) of non-luminescent peptide (synthetic peptide; by Peptide 2.0 (Virginia); made at either 5, 10, or 20 mg scale; blocked at the ends by acetylation and amidation, and verified by net peptide content analysis) was prepared in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 20 μl P non-luminescent polypeptide and 20 μl non-luminescent peptide were mixed and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. 40 μl of NanoGlo Luciferase Assay reagent was added and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on GloMax with 0.5 s integration. FIG. 68 demonstrates the binding affinity and corresponding luminescence between 5P and truncated versions of NLpep78. The binding affinity is increased when 1 amino acid is removed from the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or 1 amino acid from each terminus. Removing more than 1 amino acid from either terminus lowers the affinity but does not always lower the Vmax to the same extent.

Example 42 Binding Affinity Between Elongated Non-Luminescent Polypeptide and Truncated Non-Luminescent Peptide

The binding affinity between an elongated non-luminescent polypeptide, i.e., one with 2 extra amino acids on C-terminus, and a truncated non-luminescent peptide, i.e., one with 2 amino acids removed from N-terminus (NLpep81), was determined.

Non-luminescent polypeptide lysate was prepared as previously described and diluted prepared 1:100 in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 2× dilutions of NLpep81 (synthetic peptide; by Peptide 2.0 (Virginia); made at either 5, 10, or 20 mg scale; blocked at the ends by acetylation and amidation, and verified by net peptide content analysis) was prepared in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 25 μl non-luminescent polypeptide and 25 μl of each non-luminescent peptide dilution were mixed and shaken at room temperature for 3 minutes. 50 μl of NanoGlo Luciferase Assay reagent was added and shaken at room temperature for 5 minutes. Luminescence was measured on GloMax with 0.5 s integration. FIG. 69 shows the calculate Kd values using one-site specific binding.

Example 43 Binding Affinity Between Elongated Non-Luminescent Polypeptide and Truncated Non-Luminescent Peptide

The binding affinity between an elongated non-luminescent polypeptide, i.e., one with 3 extra amino acids on C-terminus, and a truncated non-luminescent peptide, i.e., one with 3 amino acids removed from N-terminus (NLpep82), was determined.

Non-luminescent polypeptide lysate was prepared and diluted prepared 1:100 in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 2× dilutions of NLpep82 (synthetic peptide; by Peptide 2.0 (Virginia); made at either 5, 10, or 20 mg scale; blocked at the ends by acetylation and amidation, and verified by net peptide content analysis) was prepared in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 25 μl non-luminescent polypeptide and 25 μl of each non-luminescent peptide dilution were mixed and shaken at room temperature for 3 minutes. 50 μl of NanoGlo Luciferase Assay reagent was added and shaken at room temperature for 5 minutes. Luminescence was measured on GloMax with 0.5 s integration. FIG. 70 shows the calculate Kd values derived using one-site specific binding.

Example 44 Binding Affinity Between Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Clones Expressed in E. coli and Synthetic NLpep78

Non-luminescent polypeptide variants were grown in M9 minimal media. Individual colonies were inoculated and grown overnight at 37° C. Samples were diluted 1:20 in M9 minimal media and grown overnight at 37° C. Samples were again diluted 1:20 in M9 induction media and grown overnight at 25° C. Samples were pooled, and 100 μl of the pooled cells were lysed with 400 μl of PLB lysis buffer and incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes. The lysates were diluted 1:100 in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 2× dilutions of synthetic NLpep78 were made in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 25 μl of non-luminescent polypeptide dilution was mixed with 25 μl of each non-luminescent peptide dilution and incubated for 3 minutes at room temperature. 50 μl of NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent was added, incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes, and luminescence read on GloMax Multi+. FIG. 71 shows the calculate Kd values derived using one-site specific binding.

Example 45 Determination of the Effect of Mutations on Km

Using diluted pooled lysates from Example 11, 25 μl of non-luminescent polypeptide diluted lysate (1:100 in PBS+0.1% Prionex) was mixed with 25 μl of 500 nM NLpep78 for each sample and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. 2× dilutions of Furimazine in NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Buffer were prepared, and 50 μl of non-luminescent peptide and non-luminescent polypeptide sample mixed with 50 μl of NanoGlo/Furimazine dilutions. Luminescence was measured after 5 minute incubation at room temperature. FIG. 72 show the calculated Km derived using Michaelis-Menten.

Example 46 Demonstration of a Three-Component Complementation

A tertiary complementation using 2 NLpeps and NLpoly 5P non-luminescent polypeptide is demonstrated. NLpoly 5P-B9 (5P with residues 147-157 deleted) and NLpep B9-HT (Met+ residues 147-157 fused to N-terminus of HT7) lysates were prepared.

A) NLpoly 5P-B9+NLpoly B9 Titration with NLpep78

NLpoly 5P-B9+NLpoly B9 was titrated with NLpep78. 20 μl 5P-B9 (undiluted) was mixed with 20 μl peptideB9-HT (undiluted). Dilutions of NLpep78 (synthetic peptide, highest concentration=100 uM) were made in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 20 μl NLpep78 was added to 40 μl of the 5P-B9+ peptideB9-HT mixture and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. 60 μl NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent was added and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on GloMax with 0.5 s integration.

B) NLpoly 5P-B9+NLpep78 Titration with NLpepB9-HT

20 μl NLpoly 5P-B9 (undiluted) was mixed with 20 μl NLpep78 (100 uM). Dilutions of peptideB9-HT (highest concentration=undiluted) were made in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 20 μl of peptideB9-HT was added to 40 μl of the 5P-B9+NLpep78 mixture and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. 60 μl NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent was added and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on GloMax with 0.5 s integration.

FIG. 73 demonstrates the feasibility of a ternary system consisting of 2 different NLpeps and a truncated NLpoly. Since all 3 components are non-luminescent without the other 2, this system could be configured such that each NLpep is fused (synthetically or genetic engineering) to a binding moiety and the truncated NLpoly used at high concentrations to produce light only in the presence of an interaction between the binding moieties, or such that each of the 3 components are fused to binding moieties to produce light only in the event of ternary complex formation.

Example 47 Complementation with NLpep88 (NLpep78 with Gly as 6th Residue Instead of Arg)

NLpep88-HT and 5P E. coli clarified lysates were prepared as previously described. Serial dilutions of NLpep88-HT lysate were made in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 20 μl of 5P lysate and 20 μl NLpep88-HT lysate were mixed and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. 40 μl of NanoGlo Luciferase Assay Reagent was added and shaken at room temperature for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on GloMax with 0.5 s integration. FIG. 74 demonstrates the importance of the arginine residue at the 6th position of the NLpep. While there is no increase in luminescence above 5P alone at lower concentrations of NLpep88, high concentrations of NLpep increased the luminescence suggesting a catalytically compromised complex and not a lack of interaction between 5P and NLpep88.

Example 48 Subcellular Localization of NLpep78 and 79 as N-Terminal Fusions to HaloTag

U2OS cells were plated and left to recover overnight at 37° C. Cells were then transfected with HaloTag alone DNA construct or the HaloTag-NanoLuc peptide DNA constructs (all under the control of CMV promoter): P1-HT, P78-HT or P79-HT diluted 1:10 with carrier DNA (pSI) using FuGENE HD and incubated for 24 hours at 37° C. Cells were then labeled with HaloTag-TMR ligand by the manufacturer's standard rapid labeling protocol and imaged. FIG. 75 demonstrates that NLpep78 and 79 do not alter the intracellular localization of the HaloTag protein.

Example 49 Subcellular Localization of Non-Luminescent Polypeptide (WT and 5P)

U2OS cells were plated and left to recover overnight at 37° C. Cells were either kept as non-transfection controls or transfected with the NanoLuc DNA constructs: FL, NLpoly (wt) or NLpoly(5P) diluted 1:10 with carrier DNA (pSI) using FuGENE HD and incubated for 24 hours at room temperature. Cells were fixed and subsequently processed for ICC. ICC was done using 1:5000 GS (PRO) primary antibody overnight at 4° C. followed by an Alexa488 goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody. FIG. 76 demonstrates that both NLpoly WT and NLpoly 5P localize uniformly in cells.

Example 50 Demonstration that Non-Luminescent Polypeptide can Easily and Quickly Detect Non-Luminescent Peptide Conjugated to a Protein of Interest

99 μl of NLpep53-HT E. coli clarified lysate was mixed with 24.75 μl 4×SDS loading buffer. 1:10 serial dilutions of the lysate-loading buffer mixture were made and incubated at 95° C. for 5 minutes. 15 μl was loaded onto a SDS-PAGE gel. After gel completions, it was transferred to PVDF using iBlot and washed with 10 mL NLpoly L149M E. coli clarified lysate at room temperature for 30 minutes. The membrane was then placed on a LAS4000 imager and 2 mL NanoGlo® Luciferase Assay Reagent added. A 60 second exposure was taken (FIG. 77).

Example 51 Site Saturation at Non-Luminescent Polypeptide Positions 31, 46, 108, 144, and 157 in the Context of 5P

Single amino acid change variants were constructed onto NLpoly 5P (pF4Ag vector background) at the sites according to table 5 below. In effect, the native residue was varied to each of the 19 alternative amino acids for a total of 95 variants.

TABLE 5 Position 31 Position 46 Position 108 Position 144 Position 157 B1 Ala E3 Ala H5 Ala C8 Ala F10 Ala C1 Cys F3 Cys A6 Cys D8 Cys G10 Cys D1 Asp G3 Asp B6 Asp E8 Asp H10 Asp E1 Glu H3 Glu C6 Glu F8 Glu A11 Glu F1 Gly A4 Phe D6 Phe G8 Phe B11 Phe G1 His B4 Gly E6 Gly H8 Gly C11 Gly H1 Ile C4 His F6 His A9 His D11 His A2 Lys D4 Ile G6 Ile B9 Ile E11 Ile B2 Leu E4 Lys H6 Lys C9 Lys F11 Lys C2 Met F4 Met A7 Leu D9 Leu G11 Leu D2 Asn G4 Asn B7 Met E9 Met H11 Met E2 Pro H4 Pro C7 Pro F9 Asn A12 Asn F2 Gln A5 Gln D7 Gln G9 Pro B12 Gln G2 Arg B5 Arg E7 Arg H9 Gln C12 Arg H2 Ser C5 Ser F7 Ser A10 Arg D12 Ser A3 Thr D5 Thr G7 Thr B10 Ser E12 Thr B3 Val E5 Val H7 Val C10 Val F12 Val C3 Trp F5 Trp A8 Trp D10 Trp G12 Trp D3 Tyr G5 Tyr B8 Tyr E10 Tyr H12 Tyr

Individual colonies were grown in LB+ amp and incubated overnight at 30° C. A 5P control was also included. The overnight cultures were used to inoculate fresh LB+ amp (1:100), and these cultures grew for 2 hours 45 minutes at 37° C. Rhamnose was added to 0.2%, and the cultures left to grow/induce overnight at 25° C. After 18 hours of induction, cells were lysed using 0.5× FastBreak (30 min ambient temperature), snap frozen on dry ice, and stored at −20° C. Following a fast thaw, samples were assayed in the absence and presence of Pep87 (aka NLpep 87).

For the (−) peptide reactions, 30 uL lysate was incubated with 30 uL PBS pH 7.5 for 10 min and then 60 uL NanoGlo® Luciferase Assay reagent (Promega Corporation) added. After 5 minutes, luminescence was measured. For the (+) peptide reactions, 30 uL lysate was incubated with 30 uL of 8 nM Pep87. After 10 min, 60 uL NanoGlo® Luciferase Assay reagent was added, and luminescence measured at 5 minutes.

Luminescence (RLU) data for the (−) peptide samples were normalized to the readings for the 5P control, and these results are presented in FIG. 78. Luminescence (RLU) data for the (+) peptide samples were also normalized to 5P, but then also normalized to the values in FIG. 76 in order to represent signal to background (S/B; FIG. 79).

Example 52 Use of the High Affinity Between NLpoly and NLpep for Protein Purification/Pull Downs

MAGNEHALOTAG beads (Promega Corporation; G728A) were equilibrated as follows:

a) 1 mL of beads were placed on magnet for ˜30 sec, and the buffer removed; b) the beads were removed from magnet, resuspended in 1 mL PBS+0.1% Prionex, and shaken for 5 min at RT; and c) steps a) and b) were repeated two more times NLpep78-HaloTag (E. coli clarified lysate) was bound to MAGNEHALOTAG beads by resuspending the beads in 1 mL NLpep78-HT clarified lysate, shaking for 1 hr at RT and placing on magnet for ˜30 sec. The lysate (flow through) was removed and saved for analysis. NLpoly 8S (E. coli clarified lysate) was bound to the NLpep78 bound-MagneHaloTag beads from the step above by resuspending the beads in 1.5 mL 8S lysate, shaking for 1 hr at RT and placing on a magnet for ˜30 sec. The lysate (flow through) was removed and saved for analysis. The beads were resuspended in 1 mL PBS+0.1% Prionex, shaken for 5 min at RT, placed on magnet for ˜30 sec, and PBS (wash) removed. The beads were washed three more times.

To elute the bound peptide/polypeptide, the beads were resuspended in 500 uL 1×SDS buffer and shaken for 5 min at RT. The beads were then placed on a magnet for ˜30 sec; the SDS buffer (elution) removed and saved for analysis. The elution was repeated one more time.

The samples were then analyzed by gel. 37.5 uL of sample (except elutions) was mixed with 12.5 uL 4×SDS buffer and incubated at 95° C. for 5 min. 5 uL was loaded onto a Novex 4-20% Tris-Glycine gel and run at −180V for −50 min. The gel was stained with SimplyBlue Safe Stain and imaged on a LAS4000 imager.

FIG. 94 illustrates that the affinity of NLpoly and NLpep is sufficient to allow for purification from an E. coli lysate. As NLpoly 8S was purified from an E. coli lysate, it is reasonable to expect a protein fused to NLpoly 8S (or other variant described herein) could also be purified in a similar fashion. While in this example the NLpep was immobilized and used to purify NLpoly, it is also reasonable to expect a similar result if NLpoly were immobilized.

Example 53 Kinetics of NLpoly/NLpep Binding

2× concentrations of synthetic NLpep were made and diluted 2.7-fold nine times (10 concentrations) in PBS+0.1% Prionex. Final concentrations used in the assay were 30 uM-3.9 nM. WT NLpoly (E. coli clarified lysate; 1:10,000) or 11S (1:10,000,000) was diluted in NanoGlo+100 uM Furmazine (Fz). 50 uL of NLpep was placed into wells of white 96-well assay plate. 50 uL NLpoly/NanoGlo/Fz was injected into the wells using the injector on GloMax® Multi+ instrument, and luminescence measured every 3 sec over 5 min. k_(obs) was found by fitting data to: Y=Y_(max)(1−e^(−k) ^(obs) ^(t)) using Graphpad Prism. k_(on) and k_(off) were then fitted to: k_(obs)=[NLpep]k_(on)+k_(off). FIG. 95 illustrates the association and dissociation rate constants for the binding between NLpolys and NLpeps.

Example 54 NLpoly/NLpep Substrate Affinity

NLpoly was diluted into PBS+0.1% Prionex as follows: WT at 1:10⁵, 5P at 1:10⁷, and 11S at 1:10⁸. NLpep was diluted into PBS+0.1% Prionex as follows: 30 uM for WT NLpoly studies or 3 uM for NLpoly 5P and 11S studies. 50 uL NLpoly/NLpep was incubated at RT for 5 min, 50 uL NanoGlo+Fz (ranging from 100 uM to 1.2 uM, 2×) added, and incubated for 10 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on GloMax® Multi+ with 0.5 sec integration. Km was derived using Graphpad Prism, Michaelis-Menton best-fit values. FIG. 96 illustrates the Km values for various NLpoly/NLpep pairs.

Example 55 Substrate Effect on NLpoly/NLpep Affinity

11S (E. coli clarified lysate) was diluted into PBS+0.1% Prionex at 1:10⁷. Synthetic NLpep79 was diluted serially (1:2) from 800 nM to 0.39 nM (2×). 20 uL 11S+20 uL NLpep79 were then mixed and incubated for 5 min at RT. 40 uL NanoGlo+5 uM or 50 uM Fz was added and incubated another 5 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on GloMax® Multi+ with 0.5 sec integration. Kd was derived using Graphpad prism, One site-Specific binding value. FIG. 97 illustrates that saturating concentrations of furimazine increase the affinity between 11S and NLpep79.

Example 56 Km for NLpoly 5A2:NLpep

NLpoly 5A2 was diluted into PBS+0.1% Prionex at 1:10⁵. NLpep (WT, NLpep 78 or NLpep79) was diluted into PBS+0.1% Prionex to 30 uM. 50 uL NLpoly/NLpep was incubated at RT for 5 min. 50 uL NanoGlo+Fz (ranging from 100 uM to 1.2 uM, 2×) was added and incubated for 10 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on GloMax® Multi+ with 0.5 sec integration. Km was derived using Graphpad Prism, Michaelis-Menton best-fit values. FIG. 98 illustrates the Km values for NLpoly5A2 and NLpep WT, 78, and 79.

Example 57 Luminescence of NLpoly without NLpep

E. coli clarified lysate were prepared as described previously for NLpoly WT, 5A2, 5P, 8S and 11S. 50 uL of each lysate and 50 uL NanoGlo+Fz were mixed and incubated for 5 min RT. Luminescence was measured on GloMax® Multi+ with 0.5 sec integration. FIG. 99 illustrates that the ability of the NLpoly to produce luminescence in the absence of NLpep gradually increased throughout the evolution process resulting in ˜500 fold higher luminescence for 11S than WT NLpoly.

Example 58 Improved Luminescence in E. coli Throughout Evolution Process

A single NLpoly colony of WT, 5A2, 5P, 8S or 11S was inoculated in 200 uL minimal media and grown for 20 hrs at 37° C. on shaker. 10 uL of the overnight culture was diluted into 190 uL fresh minimal media and grown for 20 hrs at 37° C. on shaker. 10 uL of this overnight culture was diluted into 190 uL auto-induction media (previously described) and grown for 18 hrs at 25° C. on shaker. The auto-induced cultures were diluted 50-fold (4 uL into 196 uL assay lysis buffer), 10 uL expression culture added to 40 uL of assay lysis buffer containing NLpep (synthetic; 1 nM; WT, NLpep78, NL79 or NLpep80) and shaken for 10 min at RT. 50 uL NanoGlo+Fz was added, and samples shaken for 5 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on a GloMax luminometer with 0.5 sec integration. FIG. 100 illustrates the improvement in luminescence from E. coli-derived NLpoly over the course of the evolution process, an overall ˜10⁵ improvement (from NLpolyWT:NLpepWT to NLpoly11S:NLpep80).

Example 59 Improved Luminescence in HeLa Cells Throughout Evolution Process

50 ng plasmid DNA expressing NLpoly WT, 5A2, 5P, 8S or 11S was transfected into HeLa cells into wells of a 12-well plate using FugeneHD. The cells were then incubated overnight at 37° C./5% CO₂. The media was replaced with 500 uL DMEM without phenol red, and the cells frozen at −80° C. for >30 min. The cells were thawed and transferred to 1.5 mL tubes.

NLpep WT, NLpep78, NLpep79 or NLpep 80 (synthetic) were diluted to 10 nM in PBS+0.1% Prionex, and 25 ul mixed with 25 uL of each of the NLpoly cell lysate. The samples were shaken for 10 min at RT, and then 50 uL NanoGlo+100 uM Fz added and incubated for 5 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on a GloMax luminometer with 0.5 s integration. FIG. 101 illustrates the improvement in luminescence from HeLa-expressed NLpoly over the course of the evolution process, an overall ˜10⁵ improvement (from NLpolyWT:NLpepWT to NLpoly11S:NLpep80).

Example 60 Improved Luminescence in HEK293 Cells Throughout Evolution Process

50 ng plasmid DNA expressing NLpoly WT, 5A2, 5P, 8S or 11S was transfected into HEK293 cells into wells of a 12-well plate using FugeneHD. The cells were then incubated overnight at 37° C./5% CO₂. The media was replaced with 500 uL DMEM without phenol red, and the cells frozen at −80° C. for >30 min. The cells were thawed and transferred to 1.5 mL tubes.

NLpep WT, NLpep78, NLpep79 or NLpep 80 (synthetic) were diluted to 10 nM in PBS+0.1% Prionex, and 25 ul mixed with 25 uL of each of the NLpoly cell lysate. The samples were shaken for 10 min at RT, and then 50 uL NanoGlo+100 uM Fz added and incubated for 5 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on a GloMax luminometer with 0.5 s integration. FIG. 102 illustrates the improvement in luminescence from HEK293-expressed NLpoly over the course of the evolution process, an overall ˜10⁴ improvement (from NLpolyWT:NLpepWT to NLpoly11S:NLpep80).

Example 61 Improved Binding Affinity Throughout Evolution

NLpoly WT, 5A2, 5P, 8S or 11S (E. coli clarified lysates) were diluted into PBS+0.1% Prionex as follows: WT 1:10⁴; 5A2 1:105; 5P 1:10⁶; 8S 1:10⁷; and 11S 1:10⁷. NLpepWT, NLpep78, NLpep79 or NLpep80 (synthetic) were serially into PBS+0.1% Prionex to 4× concentration. 25 uL NLpoly and 25 uL NLpep were mixed and incubated for 10 min at RT. 50 uL NanoGlo+100 uM Fz was added and incubated for 5 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on a GloMax Multi+ with 0.5 sec integration. Kd was determined using Graphpad Prism, One Site-Specific Binding, Best-fit values. FIG. 103 illustrates a 10⁴ fold improved affinity (starting affinity: NLpolyWT:NLpepWT, Kd˜10 uM) of K_(d)<1 nM (NLpoly11S:NLpep86 or NLpoly11S:NLpep80) of the variants tested over wild-type.

Example 62 NLpoly Luminescence

Single NLpoly variant colonies were inoculated with 200 uL minimal media and grown for 20 hrs at 37° C. on a shaker. 10 uL of the overnight culture were diluted into 190 uL fresh minimal media and grown for 20 hrs at 37° C. on a shaker. 10 uL of this overnight culture was then diluted into 190 uL auto-induction media (previously described) and grown for 18 hrs at 25° C. on a shaker. 10 uL of this expression culture was mixed with 40 uL of assay lysis buffer (previously described) without NLpep or NLpep78-HT (1:3,860 dilution) or NLpep79-HT (1:10,000 dilution) and shaken for 10 min at RT. 50 uL of NanoGlo+Fz was added and again shake for 10 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on GloMax® luminometer with 0.5 sec integration. FIGS. 105-107 illustrate the luminescence of various NLpolys in the absence of NLpep.

Example 63 Solubility of NLpoly Variants

A single NLpoly variant colony (SEE FIG. 143) was inoculated into 5 mL LB culture and incubated at 37° C. overnight with shaking. The overnight culture was diluted 1:100 into fresh LB and incubated at 37° C. for 3 hrs with shaking. Rhamnose was added to the cultures to 0.2% and incubated 25° C. overnight with shaking. 900 ul of these overnight cultures were mixed with 100 uL 10× FastBreak Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation) and incubated for 15 min at RT. A 75 uL aliquot (total) was removed from each culture and saved for analysis. The remaining culture from each sample were centrifuged at 14,000×rpm in a benchtop microcentrifuge at 4° C. for 15 min. A 75 uL aliquot of supernatant (soluble) was removed from each sample and saved for analysis. 25 uL of 4×SDS buffer was added to the saved aliquots and incubated at 95° C. for 5 min. 5 ul of each sample was loaded onto a 4-20% Tris-Glycine SDS gel and run at ˜190V for ˜50 min. The gel was stained with SimplyBlue Safe Stain and imaged on a LAS4000.

FIG. 143 shows a protein gel of total lysates and the soluble fraction of the same lysate for the NLpoly variants.

Example 64 Dissociation Constants

NLpoly variant lysate (SEE FIG. 144; prepared as described previously) was diluted 1:10 into PBS+0.1% Prionex. 4× concentrations of NLpep78 (synthetic NLpep78) were made in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 20 uL NLpoly variant lysate and 20 uL NLpep were mixed and shaken for 10 min at RT. 40 uL NanoGlo/Fz was added and shaken for 10 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on a GloMax® luminometer with 0.5 s integration. Kd determined using Graphpad Prism, One site-specific binding, best-fit values. FIG. 144 illustrates dissociation constants of NLpep78 with various NLpolys.

Example 65 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Expressing Different Combinations of FRB and FKBP Fused to NLpolySP and NLpep80/87

HEK293T cells (400,000) were reverse-transfected with 1 μg pF4A Ag FKBP or 1 μg pF4A Ag FRB vectors expressing N- or C-terminal fusions of NLpolySP and/or NLpep80/87 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE HD ratio of 1:4. 24-hours post transfection, cells were trypsinized and re-plated in opaque 96-well assay plates at a density of 10,000 cells per well. 24-hours after plating, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated with or without 20 nM rapamycin for 15, 60 or 120 min in phenol red-free OptiMEMI. 10 μM furimazine substrate with or without 20 nM rapamycin in OptiMEM was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 108 (15 min induction), 109 (60 min induction) and 110 (120 min induction) illustrate a general increase in induction over time, with NLpolySP and NLpep80 combinations generating the most luminescence. Individual components contribute minimally to signal.

Example 66 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Expressing Different Combinations of FRB and FKBP Fused to NLpolySP and NLpep80/87

Although similar to Example 65, this example tested all 8 possible combinations of FRB and FKBP fused to NLpoly/NLpep as well as used less total DNA. HEK293T cells (400,000) were reverse-transfected with a total of 0.001 μg pF4A Ag FRB-NLpolySP and 0.001 μg pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep80/NLpep87 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24-hours post-transfection, 10,000 cells were re-plated in opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 hours. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEM was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 111 illustrates that NLpep80 combinations generated the highest luminescence and that all configurations respond to rapamycin treatment.

Example 67 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by FRB or FKBP Fusions Expressed in the Absence of Binding Partner

HEK293T cells (400,000) were reverse-transfected with a total of 0.001 μg pF4A Ag FRB-NLpolySP or pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep80/NLpep87 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24-hours post-transfection, 10,000 cells were re-plated in opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 hours. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEM was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 112 illustrates that the individual components generate a low basal level of luminescence that is not responsive to rapamycin treatment.

Example 68 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with Varying Amounts of FRB-NLpolySP and FKBP-NLpep80/87 DNA

HEK293T (400,000) cells were reverse-transfected with a total of 2, 0.2, 0.02, or 0.002 μg pF4A Ag FRB-NLpolySP and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep80 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 4. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 2 μg. 24-hours post-transfection, 10,000 cells were re-plated in opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 hours. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 20 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 20 nM rapamycin in OptiMEM was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 113 illustrates that transfection with less DNA decreases overall luminescence but increases fold induction.

Example 69 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with Varying Amounts of FRB-NLpolySP or FKBP-NLpep80/87 DNA in the Absence of Binding Partner

HEK293T cells (400,000) were reverse-transfected with a total of 2, 0.2, 0.02, or 0.002 μg pF4A Ag FRB-NLpolySP or pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep80 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 4. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 2 μg. 24-hours post-transfection, 10,000 cells were replated in opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 hours. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 20 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 20 nM rapamycin in OptiMEM was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 114 illustrates that lower DNA levels do not change overall luminescence of cells transfected with individual components.

Example 70 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with Varying Amounts of FRB-NLpolySP and FKBP-NLpep80/87 DNA

HEK293T cells (400,000) were reverse-transfected with a total of 0.2, 0.02, 0.002, or 0.0002 μg pF4A Ag FRB-NLpolySP and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep80/NLpep87 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 4. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 2 μg. 24-hours post-transfection, 10,000 cells were re-plated in opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 hours. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEM was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 115 illustrates that luminescence above background, as determined in Examples 69 and 71, and rapamycin induction can be achieved with DNA levels down to 2.5 pg.

Example 71 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with Varying Amounts of FRB-NLpolySP or FKBP-NLpep80/87 DNA in the Absence of Binding Partner

HEK293T cells (400,000) were reverse-transfected with a total of 0.2, 0.02, 0.002, or 0.0002 μg pF4A Ag FRB-NLpolySP or pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep80/NLpep87 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 4. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 2 μg. 24-hours post-transfection, 10,000 cells were re-plated in opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 hours. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEM was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 116 illustrates no significant change in luminescence generated by individual components when less DNA was used.

Example 72 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with Varying Amounts of FRB-NLpolySP and FKBP-NLpep80 or FKBP-NLpep87 DNA after Treatment with Rapamycin for Different Lengths of Time

HEK293T cells (400,000) were reverse-transfected with a total of 2, 0.2, 0.02, or 0.002 μg pF4A Ag FRB-NLpolySP and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep80 or FKBP-NLpep87 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 4. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 2 μg. 24-hours post-transfection, 10,000 cells were re-plated in opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 hours. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 20 nM rapamycin for 5/15/30/60/120 min. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 20 nM rapamycin in OptiMEM was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIGS. 117 and 118 illustrates a decline in luminescence with less DNA and an increase in rapamycin induction over time.

Example 73 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Expressing Different Combinations of FRB-NLpolySP or FRB-NLpoly5A2 with FKBP-NLpep80/87/95/96/97

In this example, the assay was performed in both a two-day and three-day format. For the 2 day assay, 20,000 HEK293T cells were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly5P or FRB-NLpoly5A2 and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep80/87/95/96/97 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time.

For 3 day assay, 400,000 HEK293T cells were reverse-transfected with a total of 0.002 μg pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly5P and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep80/87/95/96/97 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24-hours post-transfection, 10,000 cells were re-plated in opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 hours. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIGS. 119 and 120 illustrate similar levels of luminescence in both the 2 day and 3 day assays. Assays performed with NLpoly5A2 showed greater rapamycin induction relative to NLpoly5P, and assays performed with NLpoly5A2 and NLpep96 showed greatest rapamycin induction of all tested combinations.

Example 73 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Expressing Different Combinations of FRB-NLpoly5A2 or FRB-NLpoly11S with FKBP-NLpep101/104/105/106/107/108/109/110

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly5A2/11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep101/104/105/106/107/108/109/110 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 121 illustrates that, of tested combinations, NLpoly11S with NLpep101 showed the greatest rapamycin induction and one of the strongest rapamycin-specific luminescent signals.

Example 74 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with Different Combinations of FRB-NLpoly5A2 or FRB-NLpoly11S with FKBP-NLpep87/96/98/99/100/101/102/103

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly5A2/11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep87/96/98/99/100/101/102/103 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 122 illustrates that the NLpoly11S and NLpep101 combination produces the highest induction while maintaining high levels of specific luminescence.

Example 75 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with Different Levels of FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep87/101/102/107 DNA

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep87/101/102/107 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 1.5 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 123 illustrates NLpoly11S with NLpep101 produces the overall lowest luminescence in untreated samples at all tested DNA levels, and the combination maintains relatively high levels of luminescence in rapamycin-treated samples.

Example 76 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with Different Levels of FRB-NLpoly5A2 and FKBP-NLpep87/101/102/107 DNA

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly5A2 and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep87/101/102/107 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 1.5 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 124 illustrates that NLpoly5A2 generates higher luminescence in untreated samples than NLpoly11S shown in example 75.

Example 77 Rapamycin Dose Response Curve Showing Luminescence of Cells Expressing FRB-NLpolySP and FKBP-NLpep80/87 DNA

HEK293T cells (400,000) were reverse-transfected with a total of 0.001 μg pF4A Ag FRB-NLpolySP and 0.001 μg pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep80/NLpep87 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24-hours post-transfection, 10,000 cells were re-plated in opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 hours. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 to 500 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with 0 to 500 nM rapamycin in OptiMEM was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. Kd was calculated with GraphPad Prism version 5.00 for Windows. FIG. 125 illustrates a rapamycin-specific increase in luminescence.

Example 78 Rapamycin Dose Response Curve Showing Luminescence of Cells Expressing FRB-NLpoly5A2 and FKBP-NLpep87/101 DNA

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly5A2/11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep87/101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 to 1 μM rapamycin for 1.5 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration on cells) with 0 to 1 μM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 126 illustrates a sigmoidal dose response to rapamycin with NLpoly5A2/NLpep101 and NLpoly11S/NLpep101 combinations. While combinations with NLpep87 show an increase in luminescence with rapamycin, the collected data points deviate more from the sigmoidal curve.

Example 79 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Expressing FRB-11S and FKBP-101 and Treated with Substrate PBI-4377 or Furimazine

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1/1/10 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin for 1.5 h. 10 μM furimazine or PBI-4377 substrate (final concentration on cells) with 0 to 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 127 illustrates a decrease in luminescence and fold induction with the PBI-4377 substrate compared to the furimazine substrate.

Example 80 Time Course of Cells Expressing FRB-NLpoly11S/5A2 and FKBP-NLpep87/101 Conducted in the Presence or Absence of Rapamycin

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly 11S/5A2 and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep87/101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin and 10 μM furimazine was added either manually or via instrument injection. Luminescence was immediately measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIGS. 128 and 129 illustrate that, of all combinations tested, NLpoly11S with NLpep101 has the lowest luminescence at time 0, hits a luminescent plateau faster and has the largest dynamic range.

Example 81 Luminescence Generated by FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 as Measured on Two Different Instruments

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin was added for 20 min. 10 μM furimazine (final concentration on cells) in OptiMEMI with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin was added and incubated for an additional 5 min. Luminescence was immediately measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time and on the Varioskan Flash with 450 nM band pass filter. FIG. 130 illustrates that the rapamycin-specific induction of FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 can be measured on different instruments.

Example 82 Images Showing Luminescence of Cells Expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 at Various Times after Treatment with Rapamycin

HeLa cells (500,000) were reverse transfected with 1 μg pF4 Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and 1 μg pF4 Ag FKBP-NLpep101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA to FuGENE ratio of 1 to 4. Cells were transfected in 35 mm glass bottom culture dishes (MatTek #p35gc-1.5-14-C). 24 hours post-transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubate with 10 μM furimazine in OptiMEM for 5 min. 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added to cells and luminescent images were acquired with LV200 at 10 s intervals for a total of 20 min. Instrument was at 37° C., objective was 60×, gain was 200 and exposure was 600 ms. FIG. 131 illustrates that imaging can detect an increase in cellular luminescence in cells expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 following rapamycin treatment.

Example 83 Quantitation of the Signal Generated by Individual Cells Expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 at Various Times after Treatment with Rapamycin

HeLa cells (500,000) were reverse transfected with 1 μg pF4 Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and 1 μg pF4 Ag FKBP-NLpep101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA to FuGENE ratio of 1 to 4. Cells were transfected in 35 mm glass bottom culture dishes (MatTek #p35gc-1.5-14-C). 24 hours post-transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubate with 10 μM furimazine in OptiMEM for 5 min. 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added to cells, and luminescent images were acquired with LV200 at 10 s intervals for a total of 20 min. Instrument was at 37° C., objective was 60×, gain was 200, and exposure was 600 ms. The signal intensity of every cell in the field of view was analyzed with Image J software over the entire time period. FIG. 132 illustrates that signal generated by individual cells can be measured and that the increase in signal by each cell parallels the increase observed in the 96-well plate assay shown in FIGS. 128 and 129.

Example 84 Comparison of Luminescence in Different Cell Lines Expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101

HEK293T, HeLa, or U2-OS cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin was added for 20 min. 10 μM furimazine (final concentration on cells) in OptiMEMI with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin was added and incubated for an additional 5 min. Luminescence was immediately measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 133 illustrates similar levels of luminescence generated in the absence and presence of rapamycin in three different cells lines transfected with FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101.

Example 85 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 after Treatment with the Rapamycin Competitive Inhibitor FK506

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 20 nM rapamycin was added for 20 min. FK506 inhibitor in OptiMEM was added to cell at final concentration of 5 μM and incubated for 3 or 5 hours. Furimazine in OptiMEM was added to cells for a final concentration of 10 μM on cells. Luminescence was immediately measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 134 illustrates a decrease in rapamycin-induced luminescence after treatment with the competitive inhibitor FK506.

Example 86 Luminescence Generated by Cells Expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep101 after Treatment with the Rapamycin Competitive Inhibitor FK506

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 20 nM rapamycin was added for 2.5 hours. FK506 inhibitor in OptiMEM was added to cell via injector at final concentration of 0, 1 or 10 μM in OptiMEM with 10 μM. Luminescence was measured every 10 min for 4 hours on a GloMax Multi set to 37° C. with 0.5 s integration time. FIG. 135 illustrates that by 200 s, FK506 inhibitor can reduce luminescence close to levels of untreated cells.

Example 87 Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with Different Combinations of V2R-NLpoly5A2 or V2R-NLpoly11S with NLpep87/101-ARRB2 in the Presence or Absence of the V2R Agonist AVP

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1, 1, or 10 ng pF4A Ag V2R-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag ARRB2-NLpep87/101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 1 μM AVP and 10 μM furimazine was added for 25 min. Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time.

FIG. 136 illustrates that V2R-NLpoly11S with NLpep101 generates the greatest AVP-specific increase in luminescence. Combinations with NLpep87 show no significant response to AVP.

Example 88 Time Course Showing Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with V2R-NLpoly5A2 or V2R-NLpoly11S and NLpep87/101-ARRB2 after Treatment with AVP

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 or ing pF4A Ag V2R-NLpoly11S or ing pF4A Ag V2R-NLpoly5A2 and pF4A Ag ARRB2-NLpep87/101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 1 μM AVP and 10 μM furimazine was added either manually (FIG. 137) or via instrument injection (FIG. 138). Luminescence was then measured on a GloMax Multi every 5 min for 25 min with 0.5 s integration time at room temperature (FIGS. 137 and 138) or 37° C. (FIG. 139). FIGS. 137 and 138 illustrate a time-dependent increase in AVP-induced luminescence for V2R-NLpoly11S with NLpep101-ARRB2 that begins to peak at 600 s. Combinations with V2R-NLpoly5A2 and NLpep87 do not show a significant increase in luminescence over time. FIG. 139 illustrates that at 37° C. all NLpoly11S and NLpep101 combinations tested show a time-dependent increase in AVP-induced luminescence that levels out around 200 s.

Example 89 Comparison of Luminescence in Different Cell Lines Expressing V2R-NLpoly11S and NLpep101-ARRB2

HEK293T, HeLa, or U2-OS cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected in opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of ing pF4A Ag V2R-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag ARRB2-NLpep87/101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. 24 hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 or 1 μM AVP was added for 20 min. Furimazine in OptiMEM was then added to a final concentration of 10 μM on cells, and luminescence was measured on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time.

FIG. 140 illustrates similar luminescence levels in three different cell lines expressing V2R-NLpoly11S and NLpep101-ARRB2 in the presence and absence of AVP.

Example 90 Luminescence of Cells Expressing V2R-NLpoly11S and NLpep101-ARRB2 at Various Times after Treatment with AVP

HeLa cells (500,000) were reverse transfected with 1 μg pF4 Ag V2R-NLpoly11S and 1 μg pF4 Ag ARRB2-NLpep101 using FuGENE HD at a DNA to FuGENE ratio of 1 to 4. Cells were transfected in 35 mm glass bottom culture dishes (MatTek #p35gc-1.5-14-C). 24 hours post-transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubate with 10 μM furimazine in OptiMEM for 5 min. 1 uM AVP in OptiMEMI was added to cells, and luminescent images were acquired with LV200 at 15 s intervals for a total of 30 min. Instrument was at 37° C., objective was 60× or 150×, gain was 600, and exposure was is or 2 s. FIGS. 141 and 142 illustrate that imaging can detect the increase in luminescence and formation of punctate in individual cells after treatment with AVP.

Example 91 Dissociation Constants for NLpeps

NLpoly 5P E. coli clarified lysate (prepared as described previously) was diluted 1:1,000 into PBS+0.1% Prionex. 4× concentrations of NLpep78-HT (E. coli clarified lysate prepared as described previously) were made in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 20 uL NLpoly 5P and 20 uL NLpep78 were mixed and shaken for 10 min at RT. 40 uL NanoGlo/Fz was added and shaken for 10 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on GloMax luminometer with 0.5 s integration. Kd was determined using Graphpad Prism, One site-specific binding, best-fit values. FIG. 80 compares the dissociation constants for an NLpep consisting of either 1 or 2 repeat units of NLpep78.

Example 92 Affinity Between NLpoly 5A2 and NLpep86

NLpoly 5A2 lysate (prepared as described previously after transfecting CHO cells) was diluted 1:10 into PBS+0.1% Prionex. 4× concentrations of NLpep86 (synthetic NLpep) were made in PBS+0.1% Prionex. 20 uL NLpoly and 20 uL NLpep were mixed and shaken for 10 min at RT. 40 uL NanoGlo/Fz was added and shaken for 10 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on GloMax luminometer with 0.5 s integration. Kd was determined using Graphpad Prism, One site-specific binding, best-fit values. FIG. 81 illustrates the affinity between NLpoly 5A2 and NLpep86.

Example 93 Luminescence of NLpoly Variants

A single colony of various NLpolys were inoculated individually into 200 uL minimal media and grown for 20 hrs at 37° C. on shaker. 10 uL of overnight culture was diluted into 190 uL fresh minimal media and grown for 20 hrs at 37° C. on shaker. 10 uL of this overnight culture was diluted into 190 uL auto-induction media (previously described) and grow for 18 hrs at 25° C. on shaker. 10 uL of the expression culture was mixed with 40 uL of assay lysis buffer (previously described) without NLpep or with NLpep78-HT (1:3,860 dilution) or NLpep79-HT (1:10,000 dilution). The mixtures were shaken for 10 min at RT, 50 uL NanoGlo+Fz added and shaken again for 10 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on a GloMax luminometer with 0.5 sec integration. FIG. 82 demonstrates the luminescence from NLpoly variants without an NLpep or with NLpep78 or NLpep79. The results show that the NLpoly variant 11S (12S-51) has improved luminescence over the other variants.

Example 94 Dissociation Constants and Vmax Values for NLpolys with 96 Variants of NLpeps

NLpeps were synthesized in array format by New England Peptide (peptides blocked at N-terminus by acetylation and at C-terminus by amidation; peptides in arrays were synthesized at ˜1 mg scale) (Table 6). Each peptide was lyophilized in 3 separate plates. Each well from 1 of the 3 plates of peptides was dissolved in 100 uL nanopure water, and the A260 measured and used to calculate the concentration using the extinction coefficient of each peptide. The concentration was then adjusted based on the purity of the peptide, and nanopure water was added to give a final concentration of 750 uM.

Peptides were diluted to 12.66 uM (4×) in PBS+0.1% Prionex and then diluted serially 7 times (8 concentrations total) in 0.5 log steps (3.162 fold dilution). NLpolys 5P, 8S, 5A2 or 11S were diluted into PBS+0.1% Prionex as follows: 5P 1:2,000; 8S 1:10,000; 11S 1:150,000, 5A2 1:1,000. 25 uL each NLpep+25 uL each NLpoly were mixed and incubated for 30 min at RT. 50 uL NanoGlo+100 uM Fz was added and incubated for 30 min at RT. Luminescence was measure on a GloMax Multi+ with 0.5 sec integration. Kd/Vmax were determined using Graphpad Prism, One site-specific binding, best-fit values. FIGS. 83-90 illustrate the dissociation constant and Vmax values from NLpolys with the 96 variant NLpeps. The results indicate specific mutations in the NLpeps that exhibit lower binding affinity without loss in Vmax.

TABLE 6 Peptide Array 1 Sequence SEQ ID NO. array1.1 VTGWRLCERIL 2366 array1.2 VSGWRLFKKIS 2367 array1.3 VTGYRLFKKIS 2368 array1.4 ISGWRLFKKIS 2369 array1.5 ASGWRLFKKIS 2370 array1.6 GSGWRLFKKIS 2371 array1.7 KSGWRLFKKIS 2372 array1.8 LSGWRLFKKIS 2373 array1.9 QSGWRLFKKIS 2374 array1.10 SSGWRLFKKIS 2375 array1.11 TSGWRLFKKIS 2376 array1.12 VVGWRLFKKIS 2377 array1.13 VKGWRLFKKIS 2378 array1.14 VIGWRLFKKIS 2379 array1.15 VEGWRLFKKIS 2380 array1.16 VAGWRLFKKIS 2381 array1.17 VQGWRLFKKIS 2382 array1.18 VHGWRLFKKIS 2383 array1.19 VSAWRLFKKIS 2384 array1.20 VSSWRLFKKIS 2385 array1.21 VSGFRLFKKIS 2386 array1.22 VSGWKLFKKIS 2387 array1.23 VSGWQLFKKIS 2388 array1.24 VSGWELFKKIS 2389 array1.25 VSGWALFKKIS 2390 array1.26 VSGWRIFKKIS 2391 array1.27 VSGWRVFKKIS 2392 array1.28 VSGWRTFKKIS 2393 array1.29 VSGWRYFKKIS 2394 array1.30 VSGWRKFKKIS 2395 array1.31 VSGWRFFKKIS 2396 array1.32 VSGWRLAKKIS 2397 array1.33 VSGWRLDKKIS 2398 array1.34 VSGWRLEKKIS 2399 array1.35 VSGWRLGKKIS 2400 array1.36 VSGWRLHKKIS 2401 array1.37 VSGWRLIKKIS 2402 array1.38 VSGWRLKKKIS 2403 array1.39 VSGWRLLKKIS 2404 array1.40 VSGWRLMKKIS 2405 array1.41 VSGWRLNKKIS 2406 array1.42 VSGWRLQKKIS 2407 array1.43 VSGWRLRKKIS 2408 array1.44 VSGWRLSKKIS 2409 array1.45 VSGWRLTKKIS 2410 array1.46 VSGWRLVKKIS 2411 array1.47 VSGWRLWKKIS 2412 array1.48 VSGWRLYKKIS 2413 array1.49 VSGWRLFEKIS 2414 array1.50 VSGWRLFVKIS 2415 array1.51 VSGWRLFSKIS 2416 array1.52 VSGWRLFRKIS 2417 array1.53 VSGWRLFTKIS 2418 array1.54 VSGWRLFNKIS 2419 array1.55 VSGWRLFQKIS 2420 array1.56 VSGWRLFKRIS 2421 array1.57 VSGWRLFKQIS 2422 array1.58 VSGWRLFKEIS 2423 array1.59 VSGWRLFKAIS 2424 array1.60 VSGWRLFKKVS 2425 array1.61 VSGWRLFKKLS 2426 array1.62 VSGWRLFKKAS 2427 array1.63 VSGWRLFKKFS 2428 array1.64 VSGWRLFKKES 2429 array1.65 VSGWRLFKKTS 2430 array1.66 VSGWRLFKKIL 2431 array1.67 VSGWRLFKKIA 2432 array1.68 VSGWRLFKKIE 2433 array1.69 VSGWRLFKKIV 2434 array1.70 VSGWRLFKKIG 2435 array1.71 VSGWRLFKKIH 2436 array1.72 VSGWRLFKKIT 2437 array1.73 VVGYRLFKKIS 2438 array1.74 VKGYRLFKKIS 2439 array1.75 VIGYRLFKKIS 2440 array1.76 VEGYRLFKKIS 2441 array1.77 VAGYRLFKKIS 2442 array1.78 VQGYRLFKKIS 2443 array1.79 VHGYRLFKKIS 2444 array1.80 VTAYRLFKKIS 2445 array1.81 VTSYRLFKKIS 2446 array1.82 VTGYRIFKKIS 2447 array1.83 VTGYRVFKKIS 2448 array1.84 VTGYRTFKKIS 2449 array1.85 VTGYRYFKKIS 2450 array1.86 VTGYRKFKKIS 2451 array1.87 VTGYRFFKKIS 2452 array1.88 ISGWRLMKNIS 2453 array1.89 ASGWRLMKKES 2454 array1.90 VSGWRLMKKVS 2455 array1.91 ISGWRLLKNIS 2456 array1.92 ASGWRLLKKES 2457 array1.93 VSGWRLLKKVS 2458 array1.94 ISGWRLAKNIS 2459 array1.95 ASGWRLAKKES 2460 array1.96 VSGWRLAKKVS 2461

Example 95 Solubility of NLpoly Variants

A single NLpoly 5A2, 12S, 11S, 12S-75, 12S-107 or 5P-B9 colony was inoculated into 5 mL LB culture and incubated at 37° C. overnight with shaking. The overnight culture was diluted 1:100 into fresh LB and incubated at 37° C. for 3 hrs with shaking. Rhamnose was added to the cultures to 0.2% and incubated 25° C. overnight with shaking. 900 ul of these overnight cultures were mixed with 100 uL 10× FastBreak Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation) and incubated for 15 min at RT. A 75 uL aliquot (total) was removed from each culture and saved for analysis. The remaining culture from each sample was centrifuged at 14,000×rpm in a benchtop microcentrifuge at 4° C. for 15 min. A 75 uL aliquot of supernatant (soluble) was removed from each sample and saved for analysis. 25 uL of 4×SDS buffer was added to the saved aliquots and incubated at 95° C. for 5 min. 5 ul of each sample was loaded onto a 4-20% Tris-Glycine SDS gel and run at ˜190V for ˜50 min. The gel was stained with SimplyBlue Safe Stain and imaged on a LAS4000. FIG. 91 shows a protein gel of total lysates and the soluble fraction of the same lysate for the NLpoly variants. With the exception of 5A2, all variants exhibit a percentage of NLpoly in the soluble fraction.

Example 96 Solubility and Dissociation Constant of NLpoly Variants

A single NLpoly colony (listed in FIG. 92) was inoculated into 5 mL LB culture and incubated at 37° C. overnight with shaking. The overnight culture was diluted 1:100 into fresh LB and incubated at 37° C. for 3 hrs with shaking. Rhamnose was added to the cultures to 0.2% and incubated 25° C. overnight with shaking. 900 ul of these overnight cultures were mixed with 100 uL 10× FastBreak Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation) and incubated for 15 min at RT. A 75 uL aliquot (total) was removed from each culture and saved for analysis. The remaining culture from each sample was centrifuged at 14,000×rpm in a benchtop microcentrifuge at 4° C. for 15 min. A 75 uL aliquot of supernatant (soluble) was removed from each sample and saved for analysis. 25 uL of 4×SDS buffer was added to the saved aliquots and incubated at 95° C. for 5 min. 5 ul of each sample was loaded onto a 4-20% Tris-Glycine SDS gel and run at ˜190V for ˜50 min. The gel was stained with SimplyBlue Safe Stain and imaged on a LAS4000.

FIG. 92 shows a protein gel of total lysates and the soluble fraction of the same lysate for NLpoly variants as well a table containing the dissociation constants for the same variants.

Example 97 Substrate Specificity for NLpoly 5P and 11S with NLpep79

E. coli clarified lysates were prepared for NLpoly 5P or 11S as described previously. The NLpoly lysates were then serially diluted in steps of 10-fold into PBS+0.1% Prionex. 25 uL NLpoly and 25 uL synthetic NLpep79 (400 nM, 4×) were mixed and incubated for 10 min at RT. 50 uL NanoGlo+100 uM Fz was added, incubated for 10 min at RT, luminescence measured on a GloMax Multi+ with 0.5 sec integration. FIG. 93 shows the substrate specificity for 5P and 11S with NLpep79 and demonstrates that 11S has superior specificity for furimazine than 5P.

Example 98 Solubility of NLpoly Variants from Various Steps of Evolution

A single NLpoly WT, 5A2, 5P, 8S or 11S colony was inoculated into 5 mL LB culture and incubated at 37° C. overnight with shaking. The overnight culture was diluted 1:100 into fresh LB and incubated at 37° C. for 3 hrs with shaking. Rhamnose was added to the cultures to 0.2% and incubated 25° C. overnight with shaking. 900 ul of these overnight cultures were mixed with 100 uL 10× FastBreak Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation) and incubated for 15 min at RT. A 75 uL aliquot (total) was removed from each culture and saved for analysis. The remaining culture from each sample was centrifuged at 14,000×rpm in a benchtop microcentrifuge at 4° C. for 15 min. A 75 uL aliquot of supernatant (soluble) was removed from each sample and saved for analysis. 25 uL of 4×SDS buffer was added to the saved aliquots and incubated at 95° C. for 5 min. 5 ul of each sample was loaded onto a 4-20% Tris-Glycine SDS gel and run at ˜190V for ˜50 min. The gel was stained with SimplyBlue Safe Stain and imaged on a LAS4000.

FIG. 104 shows a protein gel of total lysates and the soluble fraction of the same lysate for NLpoly variants from various steps of the evolution process. These results demonstrate that the solubility of NLpoly was dramatically increased in the evolution process.

Example 99 Chemical Labeling of Proteins

The non-luminescent peptides (NLpeps) of the present invention can be used to chemically label proteins. An NLpep of the present invention can be synthesized to contain a reactive group, e.g., biotin, succinimidyl ester, maleimide, etc., and attached (e.g., conjugated, linked, labeled, etc.) to a protein, e.g., antibody. The NLpep-labeled protein, e.g., NLpep-antibody, can then be used in a variety of applications, e.g., ELISA. The interaction/binding of the NLpep-labeled protein, e.g., NLpep-antibody, to its target/binding partner would be detected by adding an NLpoly of the present invention and NanoGlo® assay reagent. The luminescence generated by the interaction of the NLpep-labeled protein and NLpoly would correlate to the interaction of the NL-labeled protein to its target/binding partner. This concept could allow for multiple NLpeps to be attached to a single protein molecule thereby resulting in multiple NLpep-labeled protein/NLpoly interactions leading to signal amplification.

Example 100 Detection of Post-Translational Protein Modification Using HaloTag-NLpep by Western Blotting

Several proteins can be posttranslationally modified by AMPylation or ADP-ribosylation. In AMPylation, AMP is added to the target protein by a phosphodiester bond using ATP as the donor molecule. Similarly, in ADP-ribosylation, an ADP-ribose moiety is added to target proteins through a phosphodiester bond using NAD+ as the donor molecule. It has been shown that the N6-position of both ATP and NAD+ can be used to tag linkers without affecting the posttranslational event. If a N6-modified chloroalkane-ATP or -NAD+ is used to perform the AMPylation or ADP-ribosylation reaction, the target proteins would be modified to contain the chloroalkane-ATP or -NAD+.

The N6-modified ATP/NAD has been used in combination with click-chemistry to develop in-gel fluorescent-based detection systems. Detection of these post-translational modifications by western blotting techniques requires antibodies, which are often not specific or not available. An alternative approach could be to combine the properties of HaloTag® technology and the high luminescence of NanoLuc® luciferase (NL). Upon post-translational modification of target proteins with chloroalkane-ATP (for AMPylation) or chloroalkane-NAD+ (for ADP-ribosylation) using either cell lysate or purified proteins, samples can be resolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membrane. Following blocking, the blot can be incubated with HaloTag-NLpep. HaloTag will bind to the post-translationally-modified proteins. In the next step, the NLpoly and furimazine could be added to the blot to detect the bioluminescence. This detection method is an alternative to a chemiluminescent-based approach for detection of western blots. A chemiluminescent-based approach could involve incubation HaloTag-protein G fusions (as a primary) in the next step any secondary antibody-linked to HRP could be used followed by ECL reaction.

Example 101 Post translational Modification Assays

Post translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are central to all aspects of biological regulation. PTMs amplify the diverse functions of the proteome by covalently adding functional groups to proteins. These modifications include phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, nitrosylation, lipidation and influence many aspects of normal cell biology and pathogenesis. More specifically, histone related PTMs are of great importance. Epigenetic covalent modifications of histone proteins have a strong effect on gene transcriptional regulation and cellular activity. Examples of post translational modification enzymes include but not limited to, Kinases/Phosphatases, Methyltransferases (HMT)/Demethylases (HDMT), Acetyltransferases/Histone Deacetylases, Glycosyltransferases/Glucanases and ADP-Ribosyl Transferases. Under normal physiological conditions, the regulation of PTM enzymes is tightly regulated. However, under pathological conditions, these enzymes activity can be dysregulated, and the disruption of the intracellular networks governed by these enzymes leads to many diseases including cancer and inflammation.

The non-luminescent peptides (NLpep) and non-luminescent polypeptides (NLpoly) of the present invention can be used to determine the activity of PTM enzymes by monitoring changes in covalent group transfer (e.g. phosphoryl, acetyl) to a specific peptide substrate linked to an NLpep of the present invention. The NLpep will be linked through peptide synthesis to small PTM enzyme specific peptide and used as a substrate for the PTM enzyme.

A) PTM Transferase Assays (HAT)

Once the PTM enzyme reaction has occurred, an aminopeptidase can be used to degrade the non-modified peptide (NLpep; control). The modified (acetylated) peptide (NLpep-PTM enzyme substrate) would be degraded at a very slow rate or would not be degraded at all as the aminopeptidase activity is known to be affected by a PTM. Once the aminopeptidase reaction is complete, the NLpoly is added with the NanoGlo® assay reagent containing Furimazine. Luminescence would be generated from the sample where PTM occurred via the interaction of the NLpep and NLpoly. If no PTM occurred, the NLpep would be degraded, and no interaction between the NLpep and NLpoly would occur, thereby no luminescence would be generated. This concept is exemplified in FIG. 197 for a general transferase enzyme concept and in FIG. 145 for H3K4/9 acetyltransferases.

The reaction would be performed under optimal enzyme reaction condition using the histone peptide substrate linked to NLpep of the present invention and Acetyl-CoA or SAM as the acetyl or methyl group donor. A buffer containing aminopeptidase or a mixture of aminopeptidases would be added to degrade specifically all the non-modified substrates. A buffer containing a NLpoly of the present invention and an aminopeptidase inhibitor would be added. NanoGlo® assay reagent would be added, and luminescence detected. Luminescence generated would be proportional to the amount of non-degraded NLpep present, and therefore would correlate with the amount of methylated or acetylated substrates, thereby indicating the amount of methyl or acetyl transferase activity. The assay can also be applied to PTM such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, nitrosylation, and lipidation.

B) PTM Hydrolase Assays (HDMT)

In a similar concept to A) can be used for Histone Demethylases (HDMT). However, instead of an aminopeptidase, a PTM-specific antibody can be used to create activity interference. An NLpep of the present invention could be linked through peptide synthesis to small methylated peptide and used as a substrate for the hydrolase. Once a hydrolase reaction has been completed, an anti-methyl antibody can be added to the reaction. This antibody will bind specifically to the methylated peptide (control). The peptide product generated by the HDMT will not bind to the antibody. Then, an NLpoly of the present invention can be added. If the antibody interferes with the interaction of NLpep and NLpoly, no luminescence will be generated. If there was hydrolysis of the PTM by the demethylase, the NLpep and NLpoly will interact, and luminescence will be generated. This concept is exemplified in FIG. 198 for a general hydrolase enzyme concept and in FIG. 146 H3K4/9 demethylases.

The concept of aminopeptidase degradation of the non-modified substrate can also be used for a hydrolase assay except it would be a loss of signal assay instead of a gain of signal. The reaction would be performed under optimal enzyme reaction condition using a modified (methylated or acetylated) histone peptide substrate linked to an NLpep of the present invention. A buffer containing an antibody capable of recognizing the methyl or acetyl group would be added. A buffer containing an NLpoly of the present invention would be added. The NLpoly would interact with NLpep not bound to the antibody. NanoGlo® assay reagent would be added, and luminescence detected. The luminescence generated would be proportional to the amount of NLpep not bound to the antibody, and therefore would correlate with the amount of demethylated or deacetylated substrate, thereby indicating the amount of demethylase or deacetylase activity. Both hydrolase assay concepts can also be applied to PTM hydrolases such as phosphatases, glucanases and deubiquitinases.

In another version of these concepts, the PTM transfer or hydrolysis on the peptide-NLpep would be alone sufficient to reduce or enhance the interaction of NLpep with NLpoly and therefore decrease or increase the luminescence signal without the need of aminopeptidase or antibody.

The method of the present invention was used to assay a representative transferase, the Tyrosine Kinase SRC using the following NLpep-SRC substrate peptide: YIYGAFKRRGGVTGWRLCERILA (SEQ ID NO: 2586). SRC enzyme was titrated in 10 μl Reaction Buffer A (40 mM Tris 7.5, 20 mM MgCl2 and 0.1 mg/ml BSA) in the presence of 150 μM ATP and 2.5 μM NLpep-Src substrate and incubated for 1 hour at 23° C. After incubation, 10 μl of Amino-peptidase M (APM) reagent (40 mM Tris 7.5, 0.1 mg/ml BSA and 50 mU APM) was added, mixed for 2 minutes on an orbital shaker, and then incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. To the samples, 30 μl of NLpoly Reagent was added, and the samples were incubated at room temperature. NLpoly Reagent contained the NLpoly fragment and an Aminopeptidase inhibitor. After 30 minutes, 50 μl NanoGlo® assay reagent was added and the luminescence was recorded after 3 minutes on a luminometer. It was found that an increase in SRC kinase enzyme activity is correlated with an increase in luminescence over background (FIG. 199). Only background activity was found when SRC was not present indicating that the non-phosphorylated NLpep-SRC substrate peptide was digested resulting in no light production by the NLpoly fragment, thus demonstrating use of the method of the present invention to monitor the activity of a transferase enzyme such as a kinase.

Example 102 Detection of Specific RNAs (Noncoding RNA or mRNA) of Interest in Mammalian Cells, Cell Lysate or Clinical Sample

The non-luminescent peptide (NLpep) and non-luminescent polypeptide (NLpoly) of the present invention can be tethered to an RNA binding domain (RBD) with engineered sequence specificity. The specificity of the RBD can be changed with precision by changing unique amino acids that confers the base-specificity of the RBD. An example of one such RBD is the human pumilio domain (referred here as PUM). The RNA recognition code of PUM has been very well established. PUM is composed of eight tandem repeats (each repeat consists of 34 amino acids which folds into tightly packed domains composed of alpha helices). Conserved amino acids from the center of each repeat make specific contacts with individual bases within the RNA recognition sequence (composed of eight bases). The sequence specificity of the PUM can be altered precisely by changing the conserved amino acid (by site-directed mutagenesis) involved in base recognition within the RNA recognition sequence. For detection of specific RNAs in the cell, PUM domains (PUM1 and PUM2) with customized sequence specificities for the target RNA can be tethered to a NLpep and NLpoly of the present invention (e.g., as a genetic fusion protein via genetic engineering) and can be expressed in mammalian cells. PUM1 and PUM2 are designed to recognize 8-nucleotide sequences in the target RNA which are proximal to each other (separated by only few base pairs, determined experimentally). Optimal interaction of PUM1 and PUM2 to their target sequence is warranted by introducing a flexible linker (sequence and length of the linker to be determined experimentally) that separates the PUM and the non-luminescent peptide and non-luminescent polypeptide. Binding of the PUM1 and PUM2 to their target sequence will bring the NLpep and NLpoly into close proximity in an orientation that results in a functional complex formation capable of generating bioluminescent signal under our specific assay condition. A functional bioluminescent complex would not be generated in the absence of the RNA target due to the unstable interaction of the NLpep and NLpoly pairs that constitutes the complex.

A similar strategy can also be used for detecting RNA in clinical sample in vitro. The NLpep-PUM fusion proteins with customized RNA specificity can be expressed and purified from suitable protein expression system (such as E. coli or mammalian protein expression system). Purified components can be added to the biological sample along with suitable substrate and assay components to generate the bioluminescent signal.

Example 103 DNA Oligo-Based Detection of Specific RNA (Noncoding RNA or mRNA) in Clinical Sample or Mammalian Cell Lysate

A non-luminescent peptide (NLpep) and non-luminescent polypeptide (NLpoly) of the present invention can be attached to oligonucleotides complementary to the target RNA with suitable linker (amino acids or nucleotides). Functional assembly of bioluminescent complex occurs only when sequence specific hybridization of DNA oligo to their target RNA brings the NLpep and NLpoly into close proximity in an ideal conformation optimal for the generation of a bioluminescent signal under the assay conditions. The detection can also be achieved through a three-component complementation system involving two NLpeps and a third NLpoly. For example, two NLpep-DNA conjugates will be mixed with the target RNA. Functional assembly of the bioluminescent complex is achieved by subsequent addition of the third NLpoly. Thus, if a detectable signal is produced under specific assay conditions using a clinical sample or cell lysate, the presence of target RNA in such a sample is inferred. Such assays are useful for detecting RNAs derived from infectious agents (viral RNAs) and specific RNA biomarkers (implicated in many disease conditions such as various forms of cancers, liver diseases, and heart diseases), and could provide a new avenue for diagnosis and prognosis of many disease conditions.

Example 104 In-Vivo Imaging

Biotechnology-derived products (Biologics), including antibodies, peptides and proteins, hold great promises as therapeutics agents. Unlike small molecule drugs, biologics are large molecules with secondary and tertiary structures and often contain posttranslational modifications. Internalization, intracellular trafficking, bio-distribution, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD), immunogenicity, etc. of biologics differ significantly from small molecule drugs, and there is a need for new tools to ‘track’ these antibodies in vivo. Conventional chemical labeling with enzyme reporters (HRP, luciferase, etc.) or small fluorescent tags can significantly alter the therapeutic value of the biologics and are not ideal for in vivo imaging using biologics. Radioisotope-labeling for PET-based imaging is also not convenient.

The NLpolys and NLpeps described herein offer a novel solution for in vivo imaging of biologics. The NLpep can be genetically encoded into a biologic therapeutics without any synthetic steps. Genetic encoding allows precise control over amount of peptide per biologic molecule as well as its position, thereby minimizing any perturbation to its therapeutic value. For imaging, a NLpoly along with substrate, e.g., furimazine, can be injected into the animal. If the NLpep-biologic and NLpoly interact, luminescence would be generated. Alternatively, a transgenic animal expressing NLpoly can be used as a model system.

Example 105 BRET Applications

This concept fundamentally measures three moieties coming together. Two of the NLpolys and/or NLpeps form a complex, and the third moiety, which is either fluorescent or bioluminescent, provides an energy transfer component. If the complex formed is bioluminescent, both bioluminescence and energy transfer (i.e., BRET) can be measured. If the complex formed is fluorescent, the magnitude of energy transfer can be measured if the third component is a bioluminescent molecule.

A) This example demonstrates a fluorescent dye attached to a NLpep. Alternatively, a fluorescent protein could be fused, e.g., a fusion protein, with a NLpoly or NLpep (created from a genetic construct).

E. coli clarified lysate of NLpoly WT was prepared as described previously. 40 uL NLpoly WT lysate was mixed with 10 uL of PBI-4730 (NLpep1) or PBI-4877 (NLpep1-TMR) and incubated for 10 min at RT. 50 uL 100 uM furimazine in 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4 was added and incubated for 30 min at RT. Luminescence was measured over 400-700 nm on TECAN M1000.

FIG. 147 illustrates very efficient energy transfer from the NLPoly/NLPep complex (donor) to TMR (acceptor), and the corresponding red shift in the wavelength of light being emitted.

B) This example demonstrates using the BRET in detection, such as detecting small molecule concentration or enzymatic activity. Because energy transfer is strongly dependent on distance, the magnitude of energy transfer can often be related to the conformation of the system. For instance, insertion of a polypeptide that chelates calcium can be used to measure calcium concentration through modulation of energy transfer.

An enzyme that also changes the distance, either through causing a conformational change of the sensor as above or through cleavage of the sensor from the fluorescent moiety, can be measured through a system as described herein. A NLpoly or NLpep bound to a fluorescent moiety gives energy transfer when the NLpoly and NLpep interact. One example of this is a peptide sensor that has been made wherein the NLpep is conjugated to a fluorescent TOM dye via a DEVD linker (Caspase-3 cleavage site). When exposed to the NLpoly, energy transfer is observed. When exposed to Caspase-3, energy transfer is eliminated, but luminescence at 460 nm remains.

NLpoly 5A2 and NL-HT (NanoLuc fused to HaloTag) were purified. 20 uL of 8 pM NL-HT was mixed with 20 uL of 100 nM PBI-3781 (See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/682,589, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) and incubated for 10 min at RT. 40 uL NanoGlo+100 uM furimazine was added, and luminescence measured over 300-800 nm on TECAN M1000.

20 uL of 33 ng/uL NLpoly 5A2 was mixed with 20 uL of −500 uM PBI-5074 (TOM-NCT-NLpep). 40 uL NanoGlo+100 uM furimazine was added, and luminescence measured over 300-800 nm on TECAN M1000.

FIG. 148 illustrates energy transfer from the NLPoly/NLPep complex (donor) to TOM-dye (acceptor), and the corresponding red shift in the wavelength of light being emitted.

C) Ternary Interactions

The energy transfer with an NLpoly and NLpep can also be used to measure three molecules interacting. One example would be a GPCR labeled with NLpoly and a GPCR interacting protein with NLpep that forms a bioluminescent complex when they interact. This allows measurement of the binary interaction. If a small molecule GPCR ligand bearing an appropriate fluorescent moiety for energy transfer interacts with this system, energy transfer will occur. Therefore, the binary protein-protein interaction and the ternary drug-protein-protein interaction can be measured in the same experiment. Also, the fluorescent molecule only causes a signal when interacting with a protein pair, which removes any signal from the ligand interacting with an inactive protein (FIG. 149).

Example 106 6-Tetramethylrhodamine-PEG3-NH₂

To a solution of 6-Tetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester (0.25 g, 0.5 mmol) in DMF (5 mL), 1-Boc-4,7,10-trioxatridecan-1,13-diamine (0.15 g, 0.5 mmol) was added followed by diisopropylethylamine (0.25 mL, 1.4 mmol). After stirring for 16 h, the reaction was analyzed by HPLC to confirm complete consumption of the 6-tetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester. The reaction was concentrated to a pink film, which was dissolved in a combination of triisopropylsilane (0.2 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL). The pink solution was stirred for 2 h, after which analytical HPLC confirmed complete consumption of starting material. The reaction was concentrated to dryness to provide crude 6-Tetramethylrhodamine-PEG3-NH2 as a pink film.

H-GVTGWRLCERILA-PEG-TMR (SEQ ID NO: 2578) (PBI-4877):

The fully protected peptide Boc-GVTGWRLCERILA-resin (SEQ ID NO: 2578) was synthesized by standard solid phase peptide synthesis using Fmoc techniques, then cleaved from the resin using dichloroacetic acid to liberate the fully protected peptide as a white solid. To a solution of 6-Tetramethylrhodamine-PEG3-NH2 (0.05 g, 0.08 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL), this Boc-GVTGWRLCERILA-OH (SEQ ID NO: 2578) (0.2 g, 0.07 mmol), 1-hydroxyazabenzotriazole (11 mg, 0.08 mmol), 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (15 mg, 0.08 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.28 mL, 0.16 mmol) was added. After stirring for 30 min, the reaction was concentrated, and the resulting crude was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and water, the layers separated and the organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The resulting pink solid was dissolved in a combination of triisopropylsilane (0.2 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL). After stirring for 3 h, the reaction was concentrated, and the resulting pink film was purified with reverse phase HPLC using a gradient of ACN in 0.1% aqueous TFA to provide PBI 4877 as a pink powder: MS (M+) calcd 2088.5. found 2089.1.

TOM-DEVDGVTGWRLCERILA-OH(SEQ ID NO: 2579) (PBI-5074):

The fully protected peptide H-DEVDGVTGWRLCERILA-resin (SEQ ID NO: 2579) was synthesized by standard solid phase peptide synthesis using Fmoc techniques. While still on the resin, a solution of 6-TOM (PBI-3739) succinimidyl ester was added and allowed to react with the free N-terminus. The peptide was then cleaved from the resin and fully deprotected using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to provide a blue solid. This solid was purified with reverse phase HPLC using a gradient of ACN in 0.1% aqueous TFA to provide PBI 5074 as a blue powder: MS (M+Z/2) calcd 1238.9. found 1238.8.

Example 107 Complementation Comparison Between a Synthetic, N-Terminal Fusion and C-Terminal Fusion of NLPep78

Fusions of NLpep78-HaloTag (78-HT) and HaloTag-NLPep78 (HT-78) were quantitated, with a GST-HaloTag® fusion (GST-HT) as a control, by labeling E. coli lysates with the HaloTag-TMR® ligand, separated by SDS-PAGE, and scanned on Typhoon. A standard curve was then created using known concentrations of GST-HT standard, and band intensities of 78-HT and HT-78 were used to determine their concentrations.

E. coli lysates containing NLpoly11S were diluted 1:10⁷ into PBS pH 7+0.1% Prionex. Serial dilutions of 78-HT, HT-78, and synthetic NLpep78 were made in PBS pH 7+0.1% Prionex. 20 uL NLpoly11S and 20 uL of one of the NLPep were mixed and incubated at ambient temperature for 5 minutes. 40 uL NanoGlo® reagent (Promega Corporation)+100 uM Fz were added, and the samples incubates at ambient temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was measured on GlomaxMulti+ using 0.5 s integration. Data was fit to one-site, specific binding using GraphPad Prism to determine Bmax and Kd.

The results (FIG. 150) compare the binding of NLpoly11S to synthetic NLPep78 and NLPep78 at the N- or C-terminus of a fusion partner (HaloTag). The binding affinities were not found to change significantly, but Bmax was reduced when NLPep78 was at the C-terminus.

Example 108 Complementation Comparison Between a Synthetic, N-Terminal Fusion and C-Terminal Fusion of NLPep79

Fusions of NLpep79-HaloTag (79-HT) and HaloTag-NLPep79 (HT-79) were quantitated, with a GST-HaloTag® fusion (GST-HT) as a control, by labeling E. coli lysates with the HaloTag-TMR® ligand, separated by SDS-PAGE, and scanned on Typhoon. A standard curve was then created using known concentrations of GST-HT standard, and band intensities of 79-HT and HT-79 were used to determine their concentrations.

E. coli lysates containing NLpoly11S were diluted 1:10⁷ into PBS pH 7+0.1% Prionex. Serial dilutions of 79-HT, HT-79, and synthetic NLpep79 were made in PBS pH 7+0.1% Prionex. 20 uL NLpoly11S and 20 uL of one of the NLPep were mixed and incubated at ambient temperature for 5 minutes. 40 uL NanoGlo® reagent (Promega Corporation)+100 uM Fz were added, and the samples incubates at ambient temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was measured on GlomaxMulti+ using 0.5 s integration. Data was fit to one-site, specific binding using GraphPad Prism to determine Bmax and Kd.

The results (FIG. 151) compare the binding of NLpoly11S to synthetic NLPep79 and NLPep79 at the N- or C-terminus of a fusion partner (HaloTag). The binding affinities were not found to change significantly, but Bmax was reduced when NLPep79 was at the C-terminus.

Example 109 Spectral Scan of NLpoly11S with NLPep86 Compared to PBI-4877 (NLPep1-Fluorophore)

Purified NLpoly11S was diluted to 1 nM in PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT. NLPep86 or PBI-4877 was diluted to 40 uM in PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT. 25 uL NLpoly11S and 25 uL NLPep86 or PBI-4877 were mixed and then incubated at ambient temperature for 10 min. 50 uL buffer (PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT)+100 uM Fz was then added. Luminescence was measured on Tecan Infinite M1000: 300-800 nm, every 5 nm, bandwidth 10 nm, gain 127, integration 0.5 s, z-position 22,000 um.

The results demonstrate (FIG. 152) that the NLPep can be conjugated to small molecules such as fluorescent dyes and retain interaction with NLpoly11S to produce luminescence. It also demonstrates efficient energy transfer and the ability to alter the emission spectra.

Example 110 Spectral Scan of NLpoly11S with NLPep86 Compared to PBI-5434 (Fluorophore-NLPep1)

Purified NLpoly11S was diluted to 1 nM in PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT. NLPep86 or PBI-5434 was diluted to 40 uM in PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT. 25 uL NLpoly11S and 25 uL NLPep86 or PBI-5434 were mixed and then incubated at ambient temperature for 10 min. 50 uL buffer (PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT)+100 uM Fz was then added. Luminescence was measured on Tecan Infinite M1000: 300-800 nm, every 5 nm, bandwidth 10 nm, gain 127, integration 0.5 s, z-position 22,000 um.

The results demonstrate (FIG. 153) that the NLPep can be conjugated to small molecules such as fluorescent dyes and retain interaction with 11S to produce luminescence. This, along with the results with PBI-4877 in Example 109, also suggests that the terminus and/or the linker length used for the conjugation can significantly affect the energy transfer.

Example 111 Spectral Scan of NLpoly11S with NLPep86 Compared to PBI-5436 (Fluorophore-NLPep1)

Purified NLpoly11S was diluted to 1 nM in PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT. NLPep86 or PBI-5436 was diluted to 40 uM in PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT. 25 uL NLpoly11S and 25 uL NLPep86 or PBI-5436 were mixed and then incubated at ambient temperature for 10 min. 50 uL buffer (PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT)+100 uM Fz was then added. Luminescence was measured on Tecan Infinite M1000: 300-800 nm, every 5 nm, bandwidth 10 nm, gain 127, integration 0.5 s, z-position 22,000 um.

The results demonstrate (FIG. 154) that the NLPep can be conjugated to small molecules such as fluorescent dyes and retain interaction with 11S to produce luminescence. It also demonstrates efficient energy transfer and the ability to alter the emission spectra.

Example 112 Comparison of Km Values for 11S with Various NLPeps in Affinity Buffer

Purified NLpoly11S was diluted to 40 pM in PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT+0.005% Tergitol (affinity buffer) or NanoGlo assay reagent (Promega Corporation). NLPeps (NLpep86, 78, 99, 101, 104, 128 and 114) were diluted to 400 uM (NLPep to 1 mM) in affinity buffer or NanoGlo assay reagent. 300 uL NLpoly11S and 300 uL of an NLPep were mixed and incubated at ambient temperature for 30 min. 50 ul was then added to a well of white 96-well plates. 50 ul affinity buffer+2×Fz (12.5 uM diluted 2-fold 7 times) or 50 ul NanoGlo+2×Fz (100 uM diluted 2-fold 7 times) was added to each well, and luminescence measured on a Glomax Multi+ using 0.5 s integration. Km was determined using GraphPad Prism, Michaelis-Menten.

The results demonstrate substrate binding in affinity buffer (FIG. 155) or NanoGlo assay buffer (FIG. 156) to the complex between NLpoly11S and various NLPeps. The determined Km values do not fluctuate significantly with the indicated NLPeps.

Example 113 NLPep1 Binding Affinity to NLpoly11S at Various Concentrations of Furimazine

Purified NLpoly 156 and NLpoly11S to 40 pM in affinity buffer (PBS pH 7+0.01% prionex+1 mM DTT+0.005% tergitol). Synthetic NLPep1 (WT) was diluted to 560 uM for NLpoly 156 or 80 uM for NLpoly11S in affinity buffer and then serially diluted 3-fold to make 8 concentrations. 350 uL NLPep1 and 350 uL NLPoly156 or 11S were mixed and then incubated at ambient temperature for 30 min. 50 uL was then aliquoted into a well of white 96-well assay plate. Fz was added to affinity buffer to 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 uM, 50 uL Fz/affinity buffer added to each well and incubated at ambient temperature for 2 min. Luminescence was measured on a Glomax Multi+ with 0.5 s integration. GraphPad Prism and 1-site specific binding was used to calculate Kd at each concentration of Fz.

The results (FIG. 157) indicate the change in affinity (NLPoly/NLPep) with increasing concentrations of Fz.

Example 114 Furimazine Km Values for NLpoly156/NLPep1 and NLpoly11S/NLPep1 at Various Concentrations of NLPep1

Purified NLpoly 156 and NLpoly11S were diluted to 40 pM in affinity buffer (PBS pH 7+0.01% prionex+1 mM DTT+0.005% tergitol). Synthetic NLPep1 (WT) was diluted to 560 uM for NLpoly 156 or 80 uM for NLpoly11S in affinity buffer and then serially diluted 3-fold to make 8 concentrations. 50 uL was then aliquoted into a well of white 96-well assay plate. Fz was added to affinity buffer to 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 uM, 50 uL Fz/affinity buffer added to each well and incubated at ambient temperature for 2 min. Luminescence was measured on a Glomax Multi+ with 0.5 s integration. GraphPad Prism and 1-site specific binding was used to calculate Kd at each concentration of NLPep1.

The results (FIG. 158) indicate the change in affinity (NLPoly/NLPep) with increasing concentrations of NLPep1.

Example 115 Comparison of Maximal Activity for NLPoly156/NLPep1, NLPoly11S/NLPep1, and NanoLuc® Luciferase

Purified NLPoly 156, NLPoly11S, or NanoLuc® luciferase (Nluc) were diluted to 40 pM in affinity buffer (PBS pH 7+0.01% prionex+1 mM DTT+0.005% tergitol). Synthetic NLPep1 (WT) was diluted to 560 uM for NLPoly 156 or 80 uM for NLPoly11S in affinity buffer and then serially diluted 3-fold to make 8 concentrations. 350 uL NLPep1 (or affinity buffer) and 350 uL NLPoly (or Nluc) were mixed and then incubated at ambient temperature for 30 min. 50 uL was then aliquoted into a well of white 96-well assay plate. Fz was added to affinity buffer to 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 uM, 50 uL Fz/affinity buffer added to each well and incubated at ambient temperature for 2 min. Luminescence was measured on a Glomax Multi+ with 0.5 s integration. GraphPad Prism and Michaelis-Menton equation was used to calculate Vmax at each concentration of NLPep (input calculated Vmax values at each concentration of NLPep1 into 1-site specific binding to calculate Bmax). GraphPad Prism and 1-site specific binding was used to calculate Bmax at each concentration of Fz (input calculated Bmax values at each concentration of Fz into Michaelis-Menton equation to calculate Vmax).

The results (FIG. 159) demonstrate the maximal activity of NLPoly 156 or NLPoly11S upon activation by NLPep1 to the maximal activity of NanoLuc luciferase.

Example 116 Luminescent Values Resulting from Titrating NLpoly11S with Various NLPeps

Purified NLPoly11S was diluted to 40 pM in PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT+0.005% Tergitol (affinity buffer). Synthetic NLPeps (NLPep86, 78, 79, 99, 101, 104, 114, 128 or wt) were diluted in affinity buffer as follows: NLPep86=60 nM, NLPep78=280 nM, NLPep79=800 nM, NLPep99=4 uM, NLPep101=34 uM, NLPep104=20 uM, NLPep128=4 uM, NLPep114=4.48 mM and NLPepWT=20 uM. 25 uL NLPoly11S and 25 uL an NLPep were mixed and then incubated at ambient temperature for 30 min. 50 ul affinity buffer+20 uM Fz was then added to each mixture, and luminescence measured on a GlomaxMulti+ using 0.5 s integration. Bmax and Kd values were determined using GraphPad Prism and 1 site specific binding.

The results (FIG. 160) demonstrate 100,000-fold range of affinities using NLPoly11S and various NLPeps. Minimal loss in Bmax was observed between the high affinity and low affinity NLPeps.

Example 117 Western Blot of NLPoly156, NLPoly11S, and NanoLuc® Luciferase after Transfection into HEK293T Cells

On day 1, a transfection mixture of 2 ng NLPoly156, NLPoly11S or NanoLuc® luciferase (Nluc) DNA, 1 μg pGEM3Zf(+) carrier DNA, 4 ul Fugene HD (Promega Corporation) and Phenol red-free OptiMEM to 100 ul was made and incubated at RT for 10 minutes. The transfection mixture was then transferred to one well of 6 well plate, and 2 ml of HEK293T cells at 400,000 cells/ml (800,000 cells total) was added. The cells were incubated overnight at 37° C.

On day 2, the cells were washed with phenol red-free DMEM, 500 uL phenol red-free DMEM added to each well, and the cells frozen at −70° C. for at least 30 min. The cells were then thawed, 500 uL transferred to microcentrifuge tube, and 20 ul mixed with 80 uL of 1.25×SDS loading buffer and incubated at 95° C. for 5 min. 10 ul was loaded onto 10% Bis-Tris NuPAGE gel with MES running buffer. Protein was transferred to PVDF using iBlot, and the membrane washed in methanol. The membrane was then blocked in TBST+5% BSA for 1 hr at ambient temperature, washed 3 times in TBST and then incubated with 10 mL TBST+2 uL rabbit anti-Nluc polyclonal antibody+2 uL rabbit anti-β-actin polyclonal antibody (Abcam #ab8227) at 4° C. overnight.

On day 3, the membrane was washed 3 times in TBST, incubated with 10 mL TBST+2 uL anti-rabbit HRP conjugated antibody for 1 hr at ambient temperature, washed again 3 times with TBST and incubated with 12 mL ECL Western Blotting Substrate for 1 min. Chemiluminescence was imaged with LAS 4000 Image Quant.

The results (FIG. 161) show the expression level of NLPoly compared to full-length NanoLuc® luciferase. NLPoly156 does not express as well as NanoLuc® luciferase (Nluc), whereas NLPoly11S expresses similarly to Nluc.

Example 118 Determination of the Influence of NLPoly11S/NLPep114 Affinity on the Interaction Between a β-Lactamase (SME) and β-Lactamase Inhibitory Protein (BLIP) and Comparison Between Affinity Values Measured Through 11S/114 and β-Lactamase Activity Protein Purification

pF1K-signal-6H-SME, pF1K-signal-6H-SME-11S, pF1K-signal-6H-BLIPY50A, and pF1K-signal-6H-BLIPy50A-114 (Promega Flexi vectors for T7 promoter-based expression of recombinant protein in E. coli; the signal refers to the native signal peptide for either SME or BLIP) were induced with rhamnose to express in the periplasm of KRX cells at 25° C. for 18-20 hrs. Cells were pelleted and resuspended in B-Per lysis reagent (Pierce; 1/50th culture volume) and incubated at ambient temperature for 15 min. Lysate was then diluted by addition of 1.5× volume 20 mM Tris pH 8+500 mM NaCl and centrifuged at 12,000×g for 10 min. The supernatant was transferred to a clean tube, 1 mL RQ1 DNase (Promega Corporation) added and centrifuged again at 12,000×g for 10 min. Supernatant was purified over HisTALON column Clontech) with 25 mM Tris pH 8 and 500 mM NaCl loading buffer and eluted with 25 mM Tris pH 8, 500 mM NaCl and 50 mM imidazole. Eluted protein was dialyzed into 25 mM Tris pH 7.5 and 25 mM NaCl and purified over HiTrap Q FF column (GE Healthcare) with 25 mM Tris pH 7.5 and 25 mM NaCl loading buffer and eluted with 25 mM Tris pH 7.5 and 125 mM NaCl. Ionic strength was adjusted to final concentration of 150 mM NaCl, and concentrated using a VivaSpin concentrator.

Assay

BLIPY50A and BLIPY50A-114 were diluted to 312.5 nM in affinity buffer (PBS pH 7 0.01% prionex 0.005% tergitol 1 mM DTT), and then serially dilute 1.5-fold. SME and SME-11S were diluted to 0.2 nM in affinity buffer. 11.11 uL SME and 88.89 uL BLIP were mixed and then incubated at ambient temperature for 2 hrs. 90 uL of the mixture was transferred to a clear 96-well plate with 10 uL of 100 uM Nitrocefin (Calbiochem in affinity buffer). 90 uL of SME-11S/BLIPY50A-114 was transferred to a white 96-well plate with 10 uL of 100 uM Fz (in affinity buffer). Absorbance (nitrocefin) was measured at 486 nm every 15 sec over 30 min, and luminescence (Fz) was measure every 2 min over 30 min.

For nitrocefin, initial velocities were fit using Excel. Initial velocities vs. BLIP concentration were plotted. Fit Ki using E_free=[E]−([E_0]+[I_0]+K_app-√(([E_0]+[I_0]+K_app)̂2−(4[E_0][I_0])))/2 and K_app=K_i (1+([S])/K_M) For Fz, Kd using RLU=(Bmax×[BLIP-114])/([BLIP-114]+K_D) was fit.

The results (FIG. 162) compares the affinity of a protein interaction (the β-lactamase SME and its inhibitor BLIPY50A) as unfused proteins to the affinity when NLPoly and NLPep are fused to them and demonstrates the affinity between NLPoly 11S and NLPep114 does not result in an increased apparent affinity for the SME/BLIPY50A interaction. This also demonstrates the use of NLPoly11S and NLPep114 to measure an equilibrium binding constant for a protein interaction, and the affinity measured through NLPoly11S and NLPep114 is consistent with the affinity measured by activity of the target protein (SME).

Example 119 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Expressing Different Combinations of FRB-NLPoly11S with FKBP-NLPep101 and 111-136

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected into wells of opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of ing pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep101 or 111-136 plasmid DNA using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. Twenty-four hours-post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 1.5 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then read on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time.

FIG. 163 demonstrates that, of tested combinations, NLpoly11S with NLpep114 shows the greatest rapamycin induction and one of the strongest rapamycin-specific luminescent signals.

Example 120 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Expressing Different Combinations of FRB-NLpoly11S with FKBP-NLpep114 and 137-143

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected into wells of opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of ing pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep114 or 137-143 plasmid DNA using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. Twenty-four hours post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 1.5 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then read on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time.

FIG. 164 demonstrates that, of tested combinations, NLpoly11S with NLpep114 shows the greatest rapamycin induction and one of the strongest rapamycin-specific luminescent signals.

Example 121 Rapamycin Dose Response Curves of Cells Expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep78/79/99/101/104/114/128

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected into wells of opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep78/79/99/101/104/128 plasmid DNA using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. Twenty-four hours post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 0 to 300 nM rapamycin for 2 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration) with 0 to 300 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then read on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. Graphpad Prism was used to fit data to sigmoidal curve and calculate EC50 values.

FIG. 165 shows a sigmoidal dose response to rapamycin for NLpoly11S with NLpep78/79/99/101/104/114/128. Of the combinations plotted, NLpoly11S with NLpep114 shows the greatest dynamic range.

Example 122 Response of Cells Expressing FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-78/79/99/101/104/114/128 to the Rapamycin Competitive Inhibitor FK506

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected into wells of opaque 96-well assay plates with a total of 0.1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep78/79/99/101/104/114/128 plasmid DNA using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. Twenty-four hours post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then phenol red-free OptiMEMI with 10 nM rapamycin was added for 2 h. FK506 inhibitor in OptiMEM was added to cells at final concentrations of 0 to 50 μM and incubated for 3 h. Furimazine in OptiMEM was added to cells for a final concentration of 10 μM on cells. Luminescence was immediately read on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time. Graphpad Prism was used to plot data, fit to a sigmoidal curve, and calculate IC50 values.

FIG. 166 demonstrates dose-dependent decreases in rapamycin-induced signal of FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-78/79/99/101/104/114/128 with the rapamycin competitive inhibitor, FK506.

Example 123 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Transfected with Different Ratios of FRB-NLpoly11S and FKBP-NLpep114

HEK293T cells (20,000) were reverse-transfected into wells of opaque 96-well assay plates with 1 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 ng pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep114 plasmid DNA using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 8. HEK293T cells (20,000) were also reverse transfected with ing pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep114 and 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S. In both situations, pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. Twenty-four hours post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin for 1.5 h. 10 μM furimazine substrate (final concentration) with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI was added directly to each well and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Luminescence was then read on a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time.

FIG. 167 demonstrates that a DNA ratio of 1:1 generated the greatest rapamycin induction, although a significant induction was observed at all DNA ratios tested.

Example 124 Comparison of Luminescence Generated by Cells Expressing NLpoly11S/NLpep114 Fusions of FRB/FKBP in Different Orientations and with Different Linker Lengths

HEK293T cells (20,000) were transfected into wells of 96-well plates with vectors expressing combinations of N- and C-terminal fusions of pF4Ag NLpoly11S and pF4Ag NLpep114 with FRB or FKBP. In these constructs, NLpoly11S/NLpep114 were separated from their fusion partners with either a 4, 10, or 15 serine/glycine linker. 0.1 ng NLpoly11S and NLpep114 DNA was transfected per well at a DNA-to-FugeneHD ratio of 1 to 8. Twenty-four hours post transfection, cells were washed with PBS and then incubated in phenol red-free OptiMEMI with or without 50 nM rapamycin in OptiMEMI for 2 h. 10 μM Furimazine substrate was then added, and following a 5 min incubation at room temperature, the plate was read using a GloMax Multi with 0.5 s integration time.

FIG. 168 illustrates a rapamycin-specific increase in RLU regardless of fusion orientation or linker length.

Example 125 Comparison of Rapamycin Dose Response Curve and Time Course Generated by FRB-NLpoly11S/FKBP-NLpep114 and Split Firefly Complementation Systems

HEK293T cells (800,000) were transfected into wells of 6-well plates with a total of 20 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep114 or 750 ng pF4A Ag N-Fluc(1-398)-FRB and FKBP—C-Fluc(394-544) using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 4. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. Twenty-four hours post transfection, 20,000 cells were re-plated into wells of opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 h.

For dose response experiments (FIG. 169A), NLpoly11S/NLpep114-expressing cells were treated with 0-104 rapamycin in phenol red-free OptiMEMI for 3 h and then incubated with 1004 furimazine for 5 min before recording luminescence on GloMax Multi. Cells expressing N-Fluc(1-398)/C-Fluc(394-544) were incubated with 0-1 μM rapamycin in phenol red-free for 2 h, followed by an additional 1 h incubation in the presence of 4 mM D-Luciferin, prior to recording luminescence on GloMax Multi.

For time course experiments (FIG. 169B), NLpoly11S/NLpep114-expressing cells were treated with 0 or 50 nM rapamycin in phenol red-free OptiMEMI was added via GloMax Multi injector, and luminescence was immediately measured. Cells expressing N-Flu(1-398)/C-Flu(394-544) were treated with 4 mM D-luciferin in phenol red-free OptiMEMI for 1 h followed by addition of 0 or 50 nM rapamycin via injector and measurement of luminescence by GloMax Multi. Curves were fit using GraphPad Prism 6 software. FIG. 169A-B demonstrate that both NLpoly11S/NLpep114 and split firefly complementation systems respond in a rapamycin-dependent manner, generating sigmoidal dose response curves and similar EC50 values. The NLpoly11S/NLpep114 system displays faster association kinetics and a higher maximum signal.

Example 126 Comparison of FK506 Dose Response Curve and Time Course Generated by FRB-NLpoly11S/FKBP-NLpep114 and Split Firefly Complementation Systems

HEK293T cells (800,000) were transfected into wells of 6-well plates with a total of 20 ng pF4A Ag FRB-NLpoly11S and pF4A Ag FKBP-NLpep114 or 750 ng pF4A Ag N-Fluc(1-398)-FRB and FKBP—C-Fluc(394-544) using FuGENE HD at a DNA-to-FuGENE ratio of 1 to 4. pGEM-3Zf(+) DNA was added to bring total DNA in each transfection to 1 μg. Twenty-four hours post transfection, 20,000 cells were re-plated into wells of opaque 96-well assay plates and incubated an additional 24 h. Cells were then treated with 0 or 20 nM rapamycin in phenol red-free OptiMEMI for 3 h.

For FK506 dose response experiments (FIG. 170A), cells were incubated with 0 to 100 μM FK506 inhibitor in phenol red-free OptiMEMI for 5 h, treated with 10 μM furimazine, and then read with GloMax Multi in luminescence mode with 0.5 s integration time. For time course experiments (FIG. 170B), cells were treated with 10 μM FK506 in phenol red-free OptiMEMI containing 10 μM furimazine and luminescence was immediately read with GloMax Multi.

FIG. 170A-B demonstrates that the NLpoly 11S/NLpep114 and split firefly complementation systems show a dose-dependent decrease in light output following treatment with the FK506 inhibitor. The loss of signal in the NLpoly11S/NLpep114 system begins at an earlier time point, is more rapid, and is more complete than the split firefly system.

Example 127 Western Blot Showing Expression Levels of FKBP-NLpep114 and FKBP-Fluc(394-544)

HEK293T cells (200,000) were transfected with 0 to 30 ng of pF4Ag NLpep114-FKBP or pF4Ag FKBP-Fluc(394-544) DNA using FugeneHD at a DNA to Fugene ratio of 1 to 8. Forty-eight hours post-transfection, cells were harvested with 1×SDS gel loading buffer. Samples were separated on a 4-10% Tris-HCl SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to PVDF membrane. The membrane was blocked in 5% BSA in TBST for 1 h and then incubated with anti-FKBP (Abcam #ab2918) overnight. Secondary antibody incubation with horse radish peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG was performed for 1 h and then the blot was developed using ECL Western Blotting Substrate (Promega Corporation) and the Image Quant LAS 4000 system.

FIG. 171 demonstrates similar expression levels of FKBP-NLpep114 and FKBP-Fluc(394-544) at equal levels of transfected DNA.

Example 128 Dose- and Time-Specific Inhibition of NLpoly11S-BRD4 and Histone H3.3-NLpep114 Interaction by IBET-151

HEK293T cells (20,000) were transfected into wells of a 96-well white assay plate with 10 ng of pF4Ag Histone H3.3-NLpep114 and NLpoly11S-NLpoly11S using Fugene HD at a DNA to Fugene ratio of 1 to 8.

For dose response experiment (FIG. 172A), cells were treated with 0 to 10 μM IBET-151 in phenol red-free OptiMEMI for 4 h at 37° C. and then treated with 10 μM furimazine for 5 min before reading luminescence with GloMax Multi.

For time course experiment (FIG. 172B), cells were pre-incubated with 10 μM furimazine for 5 min, treated with 0-500 nM IBET-151 and immediately placed in a GloMax Multi for luminescent measurements every 5 min.

FIG. 172A-B demonstrates a dose-dependent decline in luminescence upon treatment with the BRD4 inhibitor IBET-151 that occurs within 3 hours of treatment, consistent with literature reports.

Example 129 RAS/CRAF, BRAF/BRAF, and CRAF/BRAF Dimerization in Response to GDC0879

HEK293T cells (20,000) were co-transfected into wells of 96-well assay plates with combinations of pF4Ag NLpoly 11S-BRAF, NLpoly 11S-CRAF, NLpep114-KRAS, or NLpep114-BRAF using a total of 0.1 ng DNA per well and Fugene HD at a ratio of 1 to 4. Twenty-four hours post-transfection, cells were treated with 0 to 1004 of the BRAF inhibitor GDC0879 in phenol red-free OptiMEMI for 4 h. Furimazine substrate in phenol red-free OptiMEMI was added to 1004, and luminescence was read immediately with GloMax Multi set to 0.5 s integration time.

FIG. 173 demonstrates a dose dependent increase of RAS/CRAF, BRAF/BRAF and CRAF/BRAF dimerization in response to BRAF inhibitor GDC0879.

Example 130

Twelve synthetic peptides (FIG. 180) were examined for their ability to structurally complement three different versions of NLpoly11S (i.e. 11S, 11S-amino acid 157, 11S-amino acids 156 and 157). Stocks of NLpoly were made to 35 nM in NanoGlo reagent and stocks of NLpep were made to 12.5 nM in PBS pH 7.2. Equal volumes were mixed and samples measured for luminescence on a Tecan Infinite F500 reader (100 msec integration time; 10 min time point) (FIG. 200).

Example 131 Spontaneously Interacting Peptide NLpep86

Purified NLpoly 11S was diluted to 40 pM in PBS pH 7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT+0.005% Tergitol (affinity buffer). Synthetic NLPeps (NLPep86, WT, 114) were diluted in affinity buffer as follows: NLPep86=60 nM, NLPep114=4.48 mM and NLPepWT=20 uM. 25 uL NLPoly11S and 25 uL an NLPep were mixed and then incubated at ambient temperature for 30 min. 50 ul affinity buffer+20 uM Fz was then added to each mixture, and luminescence measured on a GlomaxMulti+ using 0.5 s integration. Bmax and Kd values were determined using GraphPad Prism and 1 site specific binding.

FIG. 174 demonstrates 100,000-fold range of affinities using NLPoly11S and various NLPeps. Pep 86 is an example of a spontaneously interacting peptide (with LSP 11S), and Pep 114 is shown for reference as a low affinity interacting peptide.

Example 132 Titration of High Affinity Peptide In Vitro

Purified NLpoly11S (HaloTag purification/E. coli expression; pFN18K) and synthetic peptide NLpep86 (obtained from Peptide 2.0) were titrated at a linear dynamic range using 33 nM NLpoly11S in Nano-Glo® assay buffer to 3.3 fM-100 nM high affinity NLpep86. For a 30 kDa protein, this corresponds to LOD of 10 fg.

FIG. 176 demonstrates the broad linear range and ability to detect femptamolar concentrations of the high affinity peptide tag (NLpep86). This rivals most sensitive Western Blot (WB)+Enhanced Chemiluminescence (ECL) kits

Example 133 Western Blot-Like Utility of NLpoly and NLpep

A titration of HaloTag (HT7)-NLpep 80 (80) or NLpep80-HaloTag (HT7) were run on an SDS page gel. The HaloTag® protein was imaged with HaloTag-TMR ligand (Promega Corporation) on a Typhoon scanner. The samples were transferred to a membrane and PBS pH 7+0.1% Prionex+NLpoly11S (E. coli lysate diluted 1:1,000) was used to blot the membrane. NanoGlo/Fz was then added to the membrane and it was imaged on a ImageQuant.

FIG. 177 demonstrates the sensitivity of detecting proteins tagged with a high affinity NLPep using NLpoly11S. FIG. 177 also compares the detection using NLPep/NLPoly to the detection using fluorescently labeled HaloTag.

Example 134 Stability of an NLpoly11S Reagent

100 nM NLpoly was incubated in NanoGlo assay buffer (Promega Corporation)+100 uM furimazine and assayed with equal amounts of diluted NLpep86. As a control, NanoGlo assay buffer+100 uM furimazine was used to assay an equal volume of diluted NanoLuc® luciferase (Promega Corporation).

The results (FIG. 178) demonstrate that an NLpoly reagent (containing Fz) has similar stability compared to the commercial NanoGlo® assay reagent (also containing Fz).

Example 135 Titration of DNA for High Affinity NLpep78-HT7 Fusion

HEK293 cells (200,000/ml) were reverse transfected with 10-fold dilutions of DNA (starting with 100 ng) from a high affinity peptide, NLpep78, fused to HaloTag® protein (HT7). 100 ul of each transfection was plated in triplicate into wells of a 96-well plate. Twenty-four hours post-transfection, 100 ul NanoGlo® assay buffer containing 100 nM NLpoly11S and 100 ul furimazine was added and mixed. Luminescence was measured 10 minutes after reagent addition on a GloMax luminometer.

The results (FIG. 179) demonstrate the broad linear range similar to Example 131/FIG. 27. This is essentially a similar experiment to what was done in Example 131 except that this examples uses recombinantly expressed peptide (fused to HaloTag) in a mammalian cell.

Example 136 Preliminary Results (Array Peptides)

In FIG. 183A, 50 nM NLpoly11S was mixed with 7.5 μM NLpep114 and 37.5 μM dark peptide (DP) candidate (Q-162, A-162, K-162 or E-162). NanoGlo® assay reagent (Promega Corporation) was added and incubated for 5 minutes. Luminescence was detected. In FIG. 183B, 50 nM NLpoly11S in assay buffer (PBS pH7+0.01% Prionex+1 mM DTT+0.005% Tergitol) was mixed with 7.5 μM NLpep114 (also in assay buffer) and variable amounts of dark peptide (DP) candidates Q-162 or K-162 (also in assay buffer). NanoGlo® assay reagent (Promega Corporation) was added and incubated for 5 minutes. Luminescence was detected on a Tecan Infinite F500 reader; 100 ms integration time; 5 min time point used.

Panel A indicates that each of the peptide candidates (at 7.5 uM) can inhibit the binding between NLpoly11S and NLpep114, as indicated by less bioluminescence. Note these “dark” peptides do generate some luminescence, thus the increased signal compared to no peptides at all.

Panel B indicates that with the Lys-162 and Gln-162 peptides the inhibition is dose-dependent.

Example 137 High Purity (>95%) Dark Peptides

In FIG. 184A, 5 nM NLpoly11S was mixed with 500 nM NLpep114 and variable amounts of a dark peptide (DP) candidate Q-162 or A-162 (n=3). NanoGlo® assay reagent (Promega Corporation) was added and incubated for 5 minutes. Luminescence was detected.

In FIG. 184B, 5 nM NLpoly11S in assay buffer was mixed with variable amounts of dark peptide (DP) candidates Q-162 or A-162 in assay buffer (no NLpep114)(n=3). NanoGlo® assay reagent (Promega Corporation) was added and incubated for 5 minutes. Luminescence was detected.

The results (FIGS. 184A and B) substantiate the results from Example 135, but there is greater confidence here because the peptides are more pure. These results also suggest that of the dark peptides variants tested the Ala peptide is the most potent as an inhibitor.

Example 138 Inhibition of Circularly Permuted NanoLuc® Luciferase by Dark Peptides

To determine whether “high affinity/low activity” NLpeps (a.k.a. Dark Peptides) can compete with the intramolecular interaction (i.e., protein folding) between NanoLuc® luciferase (Nluc) residues 1-156 and 157-169 in the context of circularly permuted Nluc (CP Nluc).

CP NLuc: NLuc 157-169---33aa-linker---Nluc 1-156 Dark peptides: VTGWRLCERIL (SEQ ID NO: 2366) (wt) 1. Gln-162 VSGWQLFKKIS (SEQ ID NO: 2388) 2. Ala-162 VSGWALFKKIS (SEQ ID NO: 2390) Recombinant CP Nluc was prepared as a soluble fraction of an E. coli 5×-concentrated lysate (T7-promoter; overnight expression). A 10,000-fold dilution of the CP Nluc in Assay Buffer (PBS pH 7/0.01% Prionex/1 mM DTT/0.005% Tergitol) was used. Synthetically-derived dark peptides were prepared across a range of concentrations, also in the Assay Buffer. Reactions were set up using 304 of CP NLuc and 604 of Dark peptide and assayed by adding 904 NanoGlo® assay reagent (Promega Corporation). Luminescence was measured (5 min) on a Tecan Infinite F500 reader (100 ms integration). Three replicates were used for Dark peptide samples. Two replicates were used for buffer controls (acetic acid from peptide stocks).

FIG. 185 demonstrates a dose-response of the dark peptides with CP Nluc. FIG. 186 demonstrates a time course of dark peptide (56 μM peptide) with CP Nluc.

The results indicate that both dark peptides, particularly the Ala162 version, are able to significantly inhibit generation of luminescence by CP Nluc (Ala162>2 logs; Gln162>1 log). This indicates that a CP Nluc approach has utility for inverse complementation.

Example 139 Dark Peptides in Cells

In this example, the following constructs were used:

-   -   Four dark peptide vectors: pF4Ag+FKBP-dark peptide Ala-162,         Leu-162, Gln-162 and Val-162     -   Two non-dark peptide vectors: pFc5K2 FKBP-NLpep114 (low affinity         peptide) and pFc5K2 FKBP-NLpep80 (high affinity peptide)     -   One NLpoly vector: pFc5K2 FRB-NLpoly11S         All constructs harbored a CMV promoter for mammalian cell         expression. All fusions constructs contained a 10aa Gly-Ser         flexible linker.

Serial dilutions of the dark peptide constructs, Ala-162 (A), Leu-162 (L), Gln-162 (Q) and Val-162 (V), were made in OptiMem and additionally contained carrier DNA (pGEM-3Z).

For transfection containing NLpoly11S only, 20 ul of diluted dark peptide was mixed with 20 ul NLpoly11S, 60 ul OptiMem and 8 uL Fugene. For transfections containing NLpoly11S and NLpep114 or NLpep80, 20 ul of diluted dark peptide was mixed with 20 ul NLpoly11S (10 ng/ul), 20 ul NLpep114 or NLpep80 (10 ng/ul), 40 ul OptiMem and 8 ul Fugene. All were incubated at RT for 15 minutes. Sul of each transfection, in triplicate, was added to wells of two, 96-well plates (one+Rapamycin one without Rapamycin). 100 ul of HEK293T at 200,000 cells/ml in DMEM+10% FBS were then added to the wells, and the transfected cells incubated overnight at 37° C.

The medium was then removed from the cells, and the cells washed with 200 μl DPBS. 50 μl of 50 nM rapamycin was added, and the cells incubated for 1 h at 37° C. 20 μl of 5 mM furimazine in 5 ml phenol red-free OptiMEMI+50 nM rapamycin was diluted, 50 μl added directly to the cells and incubated for 5 min in GloMax Multi+. Luminescence was measured on the GloMax.

FIG. 187 demonstrates that the dark peptides, when fused to FKBP, can reduce the background signal of NLpoly11S (i.e., FRB-NLpoly11S). Taken together FIGS. 188-190 demonstrate that the dark peptides, when fused to FKBP, can 1) compete with the folding of full length NanoLuc (i.e., FRB-NanoLuc or NanoLuc-FRB) and 2) compete with both low and high affinity peptides (also FKBP fusions) for binding to NLpoly11S (i.e. FRB-NLpoly11S), and as a result reduce the total luminescence being produced and detected in live cells.

Example 140 Virology Applications

In addition to enabling measurement of viral titers, spontaneously interacting NLpeps also enable studying re-assortment of viruses (e.g., influenza). Re-assortment of viruses refers to the formation of new “hybrid” viruses from dual infections e.g. H1N1, H5N1, H3N2 (H is hemagglutinin; N is neuraminidase); bird, human, pig, chicken (most common in pigs)

Because of its segmented nature, the influenza genome can be readily shuffled in host cells infected with more than one virus. When a cell is infected with influenza viruses from different species, reassortment can result in progeny viruses that contain genes from strains that normally infect birds and genes from strains that normally infect humans, leading to the creation of new strains that have never been seen in most hosts. Moreover, because at least 16 different subtypes and nine different neuraminidase subtypes have been characterized, many different combinations of capsid proteins are possible. Of these subtypes, three subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1, H2, and H3) and two subtypes of neuraminidase (N1 and N2) have caused sustained epidemics in the human population. Birds are hosts for all influenza A subtypes and are the reservoir from which new HA subtypes are introduced into humans (Palese, 2004).

The application of the present system for detecting re-assortment is that the two components of spontaneously interacting NLpeps are be put into different viral particles, or the large component in cells and the small component in a virus, and the presence of both elements (e.g., being present in a cell) is detected by luminescence.

Example 141 Validating the Use of Spontaneously Interacting NLpep86 as an Epitope Tag for Proteins Degraded by the Proteasome

Experiments were conducted during development of embodiments of the present invention to validate the use of NLpep86 as a tag to monitor expression levels of proteins degraded by the proteasome. To do this, Nlpep86 was fused to firefly luciferase variants that were also fused to either one or more PEST, CL1 or ubiquitin sequences (pBC21, 22, 24-29). Each of these constructs is expected to undergo proteasome-mediated turnover to varying degrees following expression from a mutant CMV promoter (d1CMV).

The constructs pBC21, 22, 24-29 and control constructs expressing untagged firefly luciferase or untagged firefly luciferase fused to a PEST sequence (ATG082 and ATG083) were transiently transfected into HELA cells plated at 10,000 cells per well in a 96-well plate using 100 μL of DMEM+10% FBS. The following day, 10 μL of a transfection mixture (920 ul OptiMEM I+5 ug of the respective construct+15 ul Fugene HD) was added per well and cells were allowed to incubate for 48 hours in a 37° C. incubator containing 5% CO2. Protein expression levels were quantified in replicate wells for each construct by detecting firefly luciferase activity or by adding a detection reagent containing NLpoly 11S (purified NLpoly 11S added to NanoGlo®). A good correlation was observed between the NLpep86 and Fluc signals in each case, suggesting that NLpep86 detection can be used to monitor fusion protein expression levels for proteins degraded by the proteasome.

BC21  (SEQ ID NO: 172)  (SEQ ID NO: 2581) MVSGWRLFKKIS-GGSGGGGSGG-Fluc (high affinity) BC22  (SEQ ID NO: 172)  (SEQ ID NO: 2581) MVSGWRLFKKIS-GGSGGGGSGG-FlucP (high affinity) BC24  (SEQ ID NO: 172)  (SEQ ID NO: 2581) pFC15A/MVSGWRLFKKIS-GGSGGGGSGG-Fluc-CL1  BC25  (SEQ ID NO: 172)  (SEQ ID NO: 2581) MVSGWRLFKKIS-GGSGGGGSGG-Fluc-PEST12opt  (high affinity) BC26  (SEQ ID NO: 172) (SEQ ID NO: 2581) MVSGWRLFKKIS-GGSGGGGSGG-Fluc-CP  (high affinity) BC27  (SEQ ID NO: 2583) UBQ G76V-VGKLGRQDP-Fluc(EDAKNIKK..(SEQ ID NO:  2582)) (SEQ ID NO: 2581) GGSGGGGSGG (SEQ IN NO: 390) VSGWRLFKKIS (high affinity) BC28 (SEQ ID NO: 2584) UBQ-RGKLGRQDP -Fluc(EDAKNIKK..(SEQ ID NO: 2582)) (SEQ ID NO: 2581) GGSGGGGSGG- (SEQ IN NO: 390) VSGWRLFKKIS (high affinity) BC29  (SEQ ID NO: 2585) UBQ-LGKLGRQDP -Fluc (EDAKNIKK..(SEQ ID NO: 2582)) (SEQ ID NO: 2581) -GGSGGGGSGG  -VSGWRLFKKIS (high affinity) ATG083  D1 FlucP; pF4Ag CMV Luc2-PEST ATG082  D1Fluc; pF4Ag CMV Luc2 After a 48 hour incubation, 100 uL NanoGlo® NLpep11S reagent (90 ul of NLpoly11S in 50 ml of NanoGlo® assay reagent was added to each well and incubate for 3 minutes with shaking. Luminescence was then read on GloMax luminometer (0.5 sec/well).

The results in FIG. 191 demonstrate that the signal from Fluc and NLpep86 appear to reflect each other with respect to relative brightness and have similar RLUs. BC21, BC25 and BC29 are the brightest constructs of the BC series with BC21 appearing the brightest in this experiment BC24, 26 and 27 are the least bright which is predicted from the engineered destabilization.

Example 142

This example demonstrates that a known complementing peptide can be used as a linker between the same or a different complementing NLpep and NLpoly11S (e.g., NLpep78(2×)).

HEK293T cells (20,000) were transfection with a mixture containing 20 μL of NLpep78-HaloTag (HT) or NLpep78(2×)-HT DNA, 80 μL of phenol-free Opimex and 8 μL of FugeneHD. Cells were grown overnight at 37° C. and assayed at 24 h using NanoGlo® assay reagent (Promega Corporation) containing 33 nM purified NLpoly11S.

The results (FIG. 192) demonstrate that a tandem binding peptide can be used and that it may suffice as a linker.

Example 143 Comparison of the Specific Activities of Wild-Type Oplophorus Luciferase Residues 1-156, NLpoly11S and NanoLuc in HEK293T Lysates

Each clone was inserted into pFN21A HaloTag® CMV Flexi® Vector (Promega G2821), and lysates were prepared as follows: 3 ml HEK293T cells that have been diluted to a concentration of 200,000 cells/ml (600,000 cells total) were plated into each well of a 6-well plate and grown overnight at 37° C. in a CO₂ incubator. The following day transfection complexes of each DNA were prepared by combining 6.6 μg of DNA, Opti-MEM® (Life Technologies 11058-021) to a final volume of 310 μl and 20 μl of FuGENE® HD (Promega E231a). The transfection complexes were incubated for 20 minutes and then 150 μl of each complex added in duplicate to cells. The cells were grown overnight 37° C. in a CO₂ incubator. The following day, the cells were washed cells with DPBS (Life Technologies 14190-144), and lml fresh DPBS added. Cells were frozen to lyse and then thawed for testing. Duplicate transfection reactions lysates were combined.

To quantitate the level of protein expression for each sample, each sample was labeled with HaloTag® TMR Ligand (Promega Corporation) as follows: HaloTag® TMR Ligand (Promega G8251) was diluted 1:100 into water to a concentration of 0.05 mM; 100 μl of each lysate was mixed with 2 μl of diluted TMR ligand and incubated for 30 minutes at RT; 20 μl of SDS loading dye was added, and the samples heated to 95° C. for 5 minutes. 10 μl and 20 μl of each sample was loaded onto a polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Rad, 4-15% Criterion™ Tris-HCl Gel #345-0030.), run at 200V for 1 hour and then quantitated using ImageQuant™ LAS 4000 (GE). Both NLpoly11S and NanoLuc® luciferase (Nluc) expressed approximately 4-fold higher than 1-156.

In order to compare the specific activities of Nluc (full length enzyme) to wt Oplophorus1-156 and NLpoly11S in combination with wt Oplophorus 157-169 peptide (binary proteins), substrate titrations were run for all of the samples, but for the binary samples substrate titrations were run at multiple peptide concentrations. Using this format, it was possible to calculate a Vmax value for Nluc and both Vmax and Bmax values for NLpoly11S and wt Oplophorus 1-156. Three separate experiments were run using this format and Vmax and Bmax values were normalized to the Vmax of NanoLuc. Relative specific activities (calculated as averages of Vmax and Bmax) are normalized to NanoLuc.

Sample Relative specific activity NanoLuc 1.00  wt 1-156 0.07* 11S 0.18* *with wt 157-169 peptide

Example 144 Effect of NLpoly and NLpep on Intracellular Half-Life of FlucP

To determine if appending either NLpoly11S or NLpep114 to Luc2-PEST alters the intracellular half-live as measured by decay of signal after cycloheximide (CHX) treatment.

Day 1: Plate Hela cells in 6 well plates. Plate 3 ml of cells (200,000/ml) into two 6 well plates. Grow overnight. DMEM+10% FBS.

Constructs containing FlucP, wt 157-169 FlucP, NLpoly11S, NLpep114 FlucP and pBC22 (all pF4Ag D1-CMV) were transfected into HeLa cells. Briefly, 33 ul of DNA (3.3 ug) was added to 122 ul of OptiMem, mixed and 9.9 ul of FuGENE®HD added. The transfection mixtures were then incubated at RT for 20 minutes, and150 ul added to cells. After an overnight incubation, cells were replated at 10,000 cells/well and incubated again overnight.

After incubation, the growth media was removed and replaced with either 0.4 mM cycloheximide (CHX) or control (DMSO). At each time point, ONE-Glo™ assay reagent was added, incubated at RT for 3 minutes and luminescence measured on Tecan GENios Pro luminometer.

FIG. 193 demonstrates that none of the NLpoly or NLpep components tested interfere with the normal intracellular degradation of a reporter enzyme (FlucP).

Example 145 Extracellular Protease Activity Assay

In some embodiments, the present invention provides an assay for extracellular protease (e.g. caspase) activity. A quenched peptide is provided (e.g., high affinity peptide such as NLpep86) that can only be accessed and refolded into an active luciferase with an NLpoly, e.g., NLpoly11S, upon removal of the quencher moiety by a protease (e.g. caspase)(FIG. 194). NLpoly11S and furimazine are introduced to the assay as a reagent and then samples are measured for bioluminescence.

Example 146 Medially Attached Pro-Groups (Isopeptides and Glycosylated Amino Acids)

Assays are provided for measuring the activity of an enzyme through using a ProNLpep. This configuration of ProNLpep is a NLpep with one of the internal amino acids conjugated to a group that prevents the complementation of the peptide to an NLpoly. When this ProNLpep encounters an enzyme that removes the blocking group (e.g., caspase 1 in the case of WEHD or a glycosidase in the case of the serine glycoside), the ability of the NLpep to complement to an NLpoly is restored (FIG. 195). In the presence of furimazine, this results in production of light in proportion to the activity of the enzyme of interest. Because each enzymatic cleavage results in the formation of a luciferase, the sensitivity of this system for assaying small concentrations of enzyme is expected to be high.

Example 147 Linker Evaluation

Assays are provided measuring the release of cargo from an antibody. An NLpep is attached to an antibody, protein, peptide, or transporter recognition moiety in such a manner that prevents it from associating with a NLpoly to form a luciferase. Upon a stimulus, such as cellular internalization, the linker between the antibody, protein, peptide, or transporter recognition moiety and the NLpep is cleaved, due to intracellular reducing potential, and the NLpep is released (FIG. 196). The NLpep can now complement with an NLpoly to form a luciferase, and the light generated will be proportional to the cleavage of the linker. This provides a system to measure the release of a compound from an antibody, which is a surrogate for cytotoxic drug delivery from Antibody Drug Conjugates. The linker can be cleaved through any manner known in the art, such as through intracellular proteases or pH sensitivity. Again, because a luciferase is generated through every cleavage, this is expected to be a sensitive method for assaying cleavage.

Example 148

The use of antibodies to target and destroy diseased cells has shown significant therapeutical promise and occurs through a process called Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). There are many ways to monitor ADCC activity, including crosslinking of different cells types or monitoring gene transcription using specific luciferase reporters expressed in the effector cells. A potential alternative readout to the ADCC mechanism of action could be in the monitoring of specific protein:protein interactions induced or disrupted after the binding of therapeutical antibodies to their target antigens or receptors presented on the cell surface. In some embodiments, the specific protein:protein interactions are monitored using the system of the present invention, which provides a readout in the time frame of minutes versus hours which is required by other methods.

Example 149 Immunoassays

Embodiments of the presnt invention find use in homogeneous immunoassays, for example, as depicted in FIG. 201, where the NLpep and NLpoly are fused to binding moieties (e.g., A and B). The binding moieties A and B may comprise many different components, making up several different formats of immunoassays than can be utilized as target specific assays or more generalized reagents to be used in immunoassays. The binding moieties will only come into close proximity in the presence of the target, thus bringing the NLpep and NLpoly into close proximity resulting in production of luminescence upon substrate addition. Table 7 lists exemplary of binding moieties (Mie et al. The Analyst. 2012 Mar. 7; 137(5):1085-9.

Stains et al. ACS chemical biology. 2010 Oct. 15; 5(10):943-52; Ueda et al. Journal of immunological methods. 2003 August; 279(1-2):209-18. Ueda et al. Nature biotechnology. 1996 December; 14(13):1714-8; Lim et al. Analytical chemistry. 2007 Aug. 15; 79(16):6193-200; Komiya et al. Analytical biochemistry. 2004 Apr. 15; 327(2):241-6; Shirasu et al. Analytical sciences: the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry. 2009 September; 25(9):1095-100; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties).

TABLE 7 Example from (A) binding moiety (B) Binding moiety literature Reference Domain of Protein A Domain of Protein A Rluc fragments fused Mie et al, Analyst, to B-domain of 2012 protein A to detect E. coli with primary anti-coli Ab + fusion complexed rabbit anti-mouse IgG Protein A Protein A Protein G Protein G Domain of protein G Domain of protein G Polyclonal Ab Polyclonal Ab: either same or second pAB recognizing same target mAb mAb to same target recognizing different epitope scFv scFv from an antibody Omnitarg and Stains et al, ACS Chem recognizing different Herceptin Fluc fusions Biol, 2010; Komiya et epitope on same for HER2 detection; b- al, Analytical target gal fusions human Biochemistry, 2004 serum albumin antibodies Receptor domain 1 Receptor domain 2 to Flt-1 domain 1 and 2 Stains et al, ACS Chem same target Fluc fusions for VEGF Biol, 2010 detection Ab variable heavy Ab variable light chain b-gal chain fusions Ueda et al, J of chain of same antibody for HEL; alkaline Immunological phosphatase and Methids, 2003; thioredoxine fusions Shirasu et al, for benzaldehyde Analytical Sciences, 2009 Mix and match: Mix and match: CD4 receptor domain Stains et al, ACS Chem pAb, mAb, scFv, pAb, mAb, scFv, and scFv of anti- Biol, 2010 receptor domain, Vh, receptor domain, Vh, gp120 antibody Fluc Vl Vl fusions for HIV detection; In some embodiments in which the binding moieties are comprised of protein A, protein G, or domains of protein A or G, the immunoassay system utilizes the NLpoly and NLpep fusions to complex with antibodies prior to addition with the sample containing the target. Antibodies bind non-covalently to protein A and G naturally. Introduction of a covalent coupling between the antibody and the fusions are introduced in the complex formation step. The NLpep/NLpoly-protein A/G/domain fusions binding moieties can be complexed to the antibodies in various formats, for example:

-   -   individually with two different specific antibodies targeting         two different proteins to determine if proteins exist in         complex;     -   together with a single target specific polyclonal antibody;     -   together with secondary antibody (e.g., rabbit anti mouse IgG)         to bind to sample preincubated with primary antibody (e.g.,         target specific mouse IgG); and     -   individually with two antibodies targeting two different         epitopes on the same target protein.

As described in Table 7, in some embodiments, the binding moieties are target specific antibodies, domains of target specific antibodies, receptor domains that bind target ligands, or a combination of antibodies, antibody domains, and target receptor domains.

In some embodiments, targets are monitored in samples which include but are not limited to blood, plasma, urine, serum, cell lysates, cells (primary or cell lines), cell culture supernatant, cerebral spinal fluid, bronchial alveolar lavage, tissue biopsy samples, chemical compounds, etc.

Methods describe analysis of targets which include but are not limited to: proteins, small molecules and compounds, haptens, peptides, hormones, heterodimeric protein-protein interactions, cell surface antigens, interactions between receptors and ligands, proteins in complex, viruses and viral components, bacteria, toxins, synthetic and natural drugs, steroids, catecholamines, eicosanoids, protein phosphorylation events, etc.

Applications include but are not limited to detection or quantitation of target for clinical disease monitoring, diagnostics, therapeutic drug monitoring, biological research, pharmaceuticals, compound detection and monitoring in the food/beverage/fragrance industry, viral clade identification, etc.

Additional applications include high throughput screening of molecules capable of disrupting the interactions of target with its receptor thus resulting in a loss of signal assay. There are several proposed formats for use of NLpep/NLpoly in immunoassays. In some embodiments, these are performed homogeneously and supplied as a kit, as separate diagnostic and research kit components, or as stand-alone reagents customizable to the individual's assay.

In other embodiments, homogeneous immunoassay utilizing NLpep/NLpolyutilize variations of the HitHunter or CEDIA technology (Yang et al. Analytical biochemistry. 2005 Jan. 1; 336(1):102-7; Golla and Seethala. Journal of biomolecular screening. 2002 December; 7(6):515-25; herein incorporated by reference in their entireties). In such assays, components include: target specific antibody, NLpoly, NLpep-recombinant target fusion, and substrate. The NLpoly and NLpep-recombinant target fusion form a luminescent complex when the NLpep is not bound to the target specific antibody. Upon addition of the test sample to the assay components, the amount of luminescence is directly proportional to the target concentration in the test sample as the target present in the test sample will compete with the NLpep-recombinant target fusion on the antibody (e.g., gain of signal indicates the presence of the target).

Example 150 Exemplary Configurations for NLpoly11S in Spontaneous Complementation

Various configurations of NLpoly11S may find use in spontaneous complementation assays or systems. Such configurations may include: deletions at the C-term (e.g., to reduce background luminescence), N- and/or C-terminal appendages (e.g., based on whether they are to be purified by His or HaloTag), etc. For example, the appendage left by HaloTag when it's a N-terminal tag is SDNIAI. Exemplary configurations include: SDNAIA-11S (HaloTag purification); SDN-11S; SDNAIA-11S, with single del at C-term; SDN-11S, with single del at C-term; SDNAIA-11S, with double del at C-term; SDN-11S, with double del at C-term; SDNAIA-11S, with triple del at C-term; SDN-11S, with triple del at C-term; 6His-AIA-11S; 6His-11S; 6His-AIA-11S with single del at C-term; 6His-11S with single del at C-term; 6His-AIA-11S with double del at C-term; 6His-11S with double del at C-term; 6His-AIA-11S with triple del at C-term; 6His-11S with triple del at C-term; 11S-6His; 11S-6His, minus C-term 11S residue; 11S-6His, minus last two C-term 11S residues; 11S-6His, minus last three C-term 11S residues; 11S-HT7, minus C-term 11S residue; 11S-HT7, minus last two C-term 11S residues; 11S-HT7, minus last three C-term 11S residues; 6His-HT7-AIA-11S; 6His-HT7-11S; 6His-AIA-HT7-11S (with single, double, triple 11S C-term dels); 6His-HT7-11S (with single, double, triple 11S C-term dels); 11S-HT7-6His; 11S-HT7-6His (with single, double, triple 11S C-term dels); and Ternary 11S.

Example 151 Protein Interactions for Binary Complementation Studies

The binary complementation system described herein has been used to analyze a wide variety of protein interactions (See Table 8).

TABLE 8 Protein Interactions for Binary Complementation Studies Interaction Status FRB/FKBP Tested V2R/ARRB2 Tested V2R Homodimerization Tested BRD4/H3 3 Tested L3MBTL3/BCLAF1 Tested GR Homodimerization Tested RAS/RAF Tested p53/MDM2 Tested EGFR/GRB2 Tested BCL2/BiM/BAX Tested MYC/MAX Tested CUL1/NEDD8 In Progress EZH2/SUZ12/EED In Progress GABAA Multimerization In Progress

Example 152 Dissociation Constants and Bmax Values for NLpolys with 108 Variants of NLpeps (Array#2)

NLpeps were synthesized in array format by New England Peptide (peptides blocked at

N-terminus by acetylation and at C-terminus by amidation; peptides in arrays were synthesized at ˜2 mg scale) (Table 9). Each peptide was lyophilized in 2 separate plates. Each well from 1 of the plates of peptides was dissolved in 100 uL nanopure water, and the A260 measured and used to calculate the concentration using the extinction coefficient of each peptide. The concentration was then adjusted based on the purity of the peptide, and nanopure water was added to give a final concentration of 800 uM.

TABLE 9 Peptide array 2 sequences Sequence SEQ ID NO. array2.1 VTGYRLFKKIS 2462 array2.2 VTGYRLFKKAS 2463 array2.3 VTGYRLFKKES 2464 array2.4 VTGYRLFKQIS 2465 array2.5 VTGYRLFKQAS 2466 array2.6 VTGYRLFKQES 2467 array2.7 VTGYRLFKEIS 2468 array2.8 VTGYRLFKEAS 2469 array2.9 VTGYRLFKEES 2470 array2.10 VTGYRLFQKIS 2471 array2.11 VTGYRLFQKAS 2472 array2.12 VTGYRLFQKES 2473 array2.13 VTGYRLFQQIS 2474 array2.14 VTGYRLFQQAS 2475 array2.15 VTGYRLFQQES 2476 array2.16 VTGYRLFQEIS 2477 array2.17 VTGYRLFQEAS 2478 array2.18 VTGYRLFQEES 2479 array2.19 VTGYRLFEKIS 2480 array2.20 VTGYRLFEKAS 2481 array2.21 VTGYRLFEKES 2482 array2.22 VTGYRLFEQIS 2483 array2.23 VTGYRLFEQAS 2484 array2.24 VTGYRLFEQES 2485 array2.25 VTGYRLFEEIS 2486 array2.26 VTGYRLFEEAS 2487 array2.27 VTGYRLFEEES 2488 array2.28 VTGYRLFKKIL 2489 array2.29 VTGYRLFKKAL 2490 array2.30 VTGYRLFKKEL 2491 array2.31 VTGYRLFKQIL 2492 array2.32 VTGYRLFKQAL 2493 array2.33 VTGYRLFKQEL 2494 array2.34 VTGYRLFKEIL 2495 array2.35 VTGYRLFKEAL 2496 array2.36 VTGYRLFKEEL 2497 array2.37 VTGYRLFQKIL 2498 array2.38 VTGYRLFQKAL 2499 array2.39 VTGYRLFQKEL 2500 array2.40 VTGYRLFQQIL 2501 array2.41 VTGYRLFQQAL 2502 array2.42 VTGYRLFQQEL 2503 array2.43 VTGYRLFQEIL 2504 array2.44 VTGYRLFQEAL 2505 array2.45 VTGYRLFQEEL 2506 array2.46 VTGYRLFEKIL 2507 array2.47 VTGYRLFEKAL 2508 array2.48 VTGYRLFEKEL 2509 array2.49 VTGYRLFEQIL 2510 array2.50 VTGYRLFEQAL 2511 array2.51 VTGYRLFEQEL 2512 array2.52 VTGYRLFEEIL 2513 array2.53 VTGYRLFEEAL 2514 array2.54 VTGYRLFEEEL 2515 array2.55 VEGYRLFKKIS 2516 array2.56 VEGYRLFKKAS 2517 array2.57 VEGYRLFKKES 2518 array2.58 VEGYRLFKQIS 2519 array2.59 VEGYRLFKQAS 2520 array2.60 VEGYRLFKQES 2521 array2.61 VEGYRLFKEIS 2522 array2.62 VEGYRLFKEAS 2523 array2.63 VEGYRLFKEES 2524 array2.64 VEGYRLFQKIS 2525 array2.65 VEGYRLFQKAS 2526 array2.66 VEGYRLFQKES 2527 array2.67 VEGYRLFQQIS 2528 array2.68 VEGYRLFQQAS 2529 array2.69 VEGYRLFQQES 2530 array2.70 VEGYRLFQEIS 2531 array2.71 VEGYRLFQEAS 2532 array2.72 VEGYRLFQEES 2533 array2.73 VEGYRLFEKIS 2534 array2.74 VEGYRLFEKAS 2535 array2.75 VEGYRLFEKES 2536 array2.76 VEGYRLFEQIS 2537 array2.77 VEGYRLFEQAS 2538 array2.78 VEGYRLFEQES 2539 array2.79 VEGYRLFEEIS 2540 array2.80 VEGYRLFEEAS 2541 array2.81 VEGYRLFEEES 2542 array2.82 VEGYRLFKKIL 2543 array2.83 VEGYRLFKKAL 2544 array2.84 VEGYRLFKKEL 2545 array2.85 VEGYRLFKQIL 2546 array2.86 VEGYRLFKQAL 2547 array2.87 VEGYRLFKQEL 2548 array2.88 VEGYRLFKEIL 2549 array2.89 VEGYRLFKEAL 2550 array2.90 VEGYRLFKEEL 2551 array2.91 VEGYRLFQKIL 2552 array2.92 VEGYRLFQKAL 2553 array2.93 VEGYRLFQKEL 2554 array2.94 VEGYRLFQQIL 2555 array2.95 VEGYRLFQQAL 2556 array2.96 VEGYRLFQQEL 2557 array2.97 VEGYRLFQEIL 2558 array2.98 VEGYRLFQEAL 2559 array2.99 VEGYRLFQEEL 2560 array2.100 VEGYRLFEKIL 2561 array2.101 VEGYRLFEKAL 2562 array2.102 VEGYRLFEKEL 2563 array2.103 VEGYRLFEQIL 2564 array2.104 VEGYRLFEQAL 2565 array2.105 VEGYRLFEQEL 2566 array2.106 VEGYRLFEEIL 2567 array2.107 VEGYRLFEEAL 2568 array2.108 VEGYRLFEEEL 2569

Peptides were diluted to 400 uM (4×) in PBS+0.1% Prionex and then diluted serially 7 times (8 concentrations total) in 0.5 log steps (3.162 fold dilution). NLpoly 11S was diluted 1:10̂6 into PBS+0.1% Prionex. 25 uL each NLpep+25 uL NLpoly 11S were mixed and incubated for 30 min at RT. 50 uL NanoGlo+100 uM Fz was added and incubated for 30 min at RT. Luminescence was measured on a GloMax Multi+ with 0.5 sec integration. Kd/Bmax were determined using Graphpad Prism, One site-specific binding, best-fit values. Table 10 indicates the dissociation constant and Bmax values for NLpoly 11S and the indicated NLPep. The results indicate the affects of mutations on the binding to NLpoly 11S and the ability of the complex to produce luminescence.

TABLE 10 SEQ ID Peptide                                                                                                          NO: Sequence Bmax Kd Bmax Kd array2.1 2462 VTGYRLFKKIS 134567 0.01334 4936 0.003695 array2.2 2463 VTGYRLFKKAS 103904 0.2411 711.8 0.006084 array2.3 2464 VTGYRLFKKES 55963 0.773 1705 0.06499 array2.4 2465 VTGYRLFKQIS 104275 0.7462 4670 0.09318 array2.5 2466 VTGYRLFKQAS 31031 1.953 436.4 0.05649 array2.6 2467 VTGYRLFKQES 5006 1.348 182 0.1583 array2.7 2468 VTGYRLFKEIS 32026 4.438 1173 0.5196 array2.8 2469 VTGYRLFKEAS 3929 2.568 200.6 0.3566 array2.9 2470 VTGYRLFKEES 1453 3.863 118.6 1.044 array2.10 2471 VTGYRLFQKIS 112540 0.08118 4037 0.01352 array2.11 2472 VTGYRLFQKAS 80943 0.7485 4035 0.1039 array2.12 2473 VTGYRLFQKES 17237 0.4173 3190 0.3233 array2.13 2474 VTGYRLFQQIS 19401 0.876 2357 0.47 array2.14 2475 VTGYRLFQQAS 4351 1.111 311.1 0.3392 array2.15 2476 VTGYRLFQQES 5197 7.486 198.7 0.797 array2.16 2477 VTGYRLFQEIS 1321 2.561 112.6 0.5939 array2.17 2478 VTGYRLFQEAS ND ND ND ND array2.18 2479 VTGYRLFQEES 5112 67.32 426.5 11.22 array2.19 2480 VTGYRLFEKIS 122961 0.6047 11827 0.2689 array2.20 2481 VTGYRLFEKAS 36284 1.794 935.8 0.09793 array2.21 2482 VTGYRLFEKES 8622 1.491 599.7 0.3267 array2.22 2483 VTGYRLFEQIS 121402 10.78 3711 1.121 array2.23 2484 VTGYRLFEQAS 3824 4.174 243.4 0.8621 array2.24 2485 VTGYRLFEQES 1829 7.832 24.45 0.2891 array2.25 2486 VTGYRLFEEIS ND ND ND ND array2.26 2487 VTGYRLFEEAS ND ND ND ND array2.27 2488 VTGYRLFEEES ND ND ND ND array2.28 2489 VTGYRLFKKIL 140640 0.07664 6033 0.02 array2.29 2490 VTGYRLFKKAL 98575 0.2755 1679 0.0168 array2.30 2491 VTGYRLFKKEL 51143 0.6714 2000 0.07542 array2.31 2492 VTGYRLFKQIL 115248 2.989 2995 0.3361 array2.32 2493 VTGYRLFKQAL 34875 3.561 496 0.1247 array2.33 2494 VTGYRLFKQEL 8548 1.953 581.1 0.5209 array2.34 2495 VTGYRLFKEIL 21933 4.405 867.2 0.7072 array2.35 2496 VTGYRLFKEAL 5547 5.153 180.1 0.6609 array2.36 2497 VTGYRLFKEEL 1720 7.785 75.68 1.256 array2.37 2498 VTGYRLFQKIL 127404 0.3625 7870 0.1108 array2.38 2499 VTGYRLFQKAL 72788 0.9748 3853 0.1796 array2.39 2500 VTGYRLFQKEL 33109 2.477 687.6 0.1414 array2.40 2501 VTGYRLFQQIL 66256 122.3 13366 40.42 array2.41 2502 VTGYRLFQQAL 3472 3.97 314 1.484 array2.42 2503 VTGYRLFQQEL 14230 18.99 180.8 0.714 array2.43 2504 VTGYRLFQEIL 9406 17.25 544.2 2.141 array2.44 2505 VTGYRLFQEAL 4233 15.99 426.5 4.994 array2.45 2506 VTGYRLFQEEL 14254 35.43 614.2 3.766 array2.46 2507 VTGYRLFEKIL 219381 1.917 7349 0.2965 array2.47 2508 VTGYRLFEKAL 34526 1.807 1377 0.216 array2.48 2509 VTGYRLFEKEL 10865 2.437 823.9 0.5103 array2.49 2510 VTGYRLFEQIL 99205 124.3 2780 5.68 array2.50 2511 VTGYRLFEQAL 17117 40.4 294 1.642 array2.51 2512 VTGYRLFEQEL 46162 85 1436 4.881 array2.52 2513 VTGYRLFEEIL 15703 104.1 560 6.409 array2.53 2514 VTGYRLFEEAL ND ND ND ND array2.54 2515 VTGYRLFEEEL 251166 68.27 15593 5.901 array2.55 2516 VEGYRLFKKIS 42384 0.07805 3011 0.02593 array2.56 2517 VEGYRLFKKAS 15920 0.6409 510.2 0.05975 array2.57 2518 VEGYRLFKKES 3374 0.891 142.5 0.1335 array2.58 2519 VEGYRLFKQIS 21512 2.091 665.9 0.244 array2.59 2520 VEGYRLFKQAS 2300 2.088 74.01 0.1938 array2.60 2521 VEGYRLFKQES 4346 10.64 91.51 0.7646 array2.61 2522 VEGYRLFKEIS 5459 14.43 116.8 0.7024 array2.62 2523 VEGYRLFKEAS 2375 22.05 112.3 2.964 array2.63 2524 VEGYRLFKEES 17264 220.3 3074 54.34 array2.64 2525 VEGYRLFQKIS 36517 0.5863 781.4 0.05853 array2.65 2526 VEGYRLFQKAS 10620 1.929 271.7 0.1454 array2.66 2527 VEGYRLFQKES 3489 2.87 132.3 0.3846 array2.67 2528 VEGYRLFQQIS 5223 8.143 199.6 0.8457 array2.68 2529 VEGYRLFQQAS 3753 20.01 117.8 1.833 array2.69 2530 VEGYRLFQQES ND ND ND ND array2.70 2531 VEGYRLFQEIS 29161 230.2 560.4 6.062 array2.71 2532 VEGYRLFQEAS 44893 24.03 1778 1.825 array2.72 2533 VEGYRLFQEES ND ND ND ND array2.73 2534 VEGYRLFEKIS 22544 2.148 641.3 0.2291 array2.74 2535 VEGYRLFEKAS 3808 4.138 122.2 0.3119 array2.75 2536 VEGYRLFEKES 1170 2.969 136.7 1.282 array2.76 2537 VEGYRLFEQIS 17957 52.79 724 4.614 array2.77 2538 VEGYRLFEQAS 26862 48.29 436.5 1.752 array2.78 2539 VEGYRLFEQES 39375 252.3 4842 41.61 array2.79 2540 VEGYRLFEEIS ND ND ND ND array2.80 2541 VEGYRLFEEAS 383183 1419 572696 2258 array2.81 2542 VEGYRLFEEES ND ND ND ND array2.82 2543 VEGYRLFKKIL 43371 0.563 2640 0.16 array2.83 2544 VEGYRLFKKAL 20849 1.588 591.2 0.1396 array2.84 2545 VEGYRLFKKEL 7828 1.413 ND ND array2.85 2546 VEGYRLFKQIL 31425 10.34 358.7 0.2986 array2.86 2547 VEGYRLFKQAL 2304 2.274 54.26 0.2428 array2.87 2548 VEGYRLFKQEL 1790 12.59 113 2.614 array2.88 2549 VEGYRLFKEIL 9831 17.75 551.8 3.002 array2.89 2550 VEGYRLFKEAL 5574 42.42 435.1 7.715 array2.90 2551 VEGYRLFKEEL 12241 100.9 458.5 6.589 array2.91 2552 VEGYRLFQKIL 50503 2.077 2173 0.3373 array2.92 2553 VEGYRLFQKAL 12294 2.023 430.5 0.206 array2.93 2554 VEGYRLFQKEL 4090 1.691 278.5 0.4617 array2.94 2555 VEGYRLFQQIL 2281 9.39 112 1.201 array2.95 2556 VEGYRLFQQAL 38229 18.81 1578 1.617 array2.96 2557 VEGYRLFQQEL 104621 99.4 6265 10.43 array2.97 2558 VEGYRLFQEIL ND ND ND ND array2.98 2559 VEGYRLFQEAL 2696 99.9 238.8 15.53 array2.99 2560 VEGYRLFQEEL ND ND ND ND array2.100 2561 VEGYRLFEKIL 34989 10.56 1747 1.801 array2.101 2562 VEGYRLFEKAL 6372 12.62 186 0.8756 array2.102 2563 VEGYRLFEKEL 961.5 5.786 67.06 1.216 array2.103 2564 VEGYRLFEQIL ND ND ND ND array2.104 2565 VEGYRLFEQAL 9882 335.8 544.7 23.35 array2.105 2566 VEGYRLFEQEL ND ND ND ND array2.106 2567 VEGYRLFEEIL ND ND ND ND array2.107 2568 VEGYRLFEEAL ND ND ND ND array2.108 2569 VEGYRLFEEEL ND ND ND ND

Example 153 Dark Peptides and Quencher Peptides for Reducing Background Signal from NLpoly11S

A purified sample of NLpoly11S was diluted into NanoGlo reagent to give a final concentration of 2 uM. Pep86 is a high affinity luminogenic peptide and was used to induce maximum signal for NLpoly11S. Pep86 was prepared at 1 nM in PBS (pH 7.2) for a working solution. Dark peptide and quencher peptides (FIG. 180) were dissolved to 1 mM (or lower) in either PBS pH 7.2 or 150 mM NH4HCO3 and added in equal volume to the NanoGlo/NLpoly11S and then samples were read on a Tecan Infinite F500 reader using a 5 min time point.

FIG. 202A shows that both GWALFKK (SEQ ID NO: 2351) and Dabcyl-GWALFKK (SEQ ID NO: 2351) reduce the background luminescence generated by NLpoly11S in the absence of any other luminogenic peptide. FIG. 202B shows that Pep86 is able to induce luminescence even in the presence of GWALFKK (SEQ ID NO: 2351) and Dabcyl-GWALFKK (SEQ ID NO: 2351).

FIG. 203A shows that VTGWALFEEIL (SEQ ID NO: 2372) (Trp 11mer) and VTGYALFEEIL (SEQ ID NO: 2355) (Tyr 11mer) induce luminescence over background (NLpoly11S alone; no peptide control), but that the N-terminal Dabcyl versions of each provide significant quenching of this signal. FIG. 203B shows that Pep86 is able to induce luminescence even in the presence of the Dabcyl versions of Trp 11mer and Tyr 11mer.

All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification are herein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variations of the described method and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention that are obvious to those skilled in the relevant fields are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. 

1-41. (canceled)
 42. A system comprising a. a cell expressing a first fusion comprising: i. a target protein of interest, and ii. a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2; and b. a second fusion comprising: i. an antibody binding moiety, and ii. a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440, wherein a bioluminescent signal produced by the system in the presence of a substrate is substantially increased when the polypeptide contacts the peptide when compared to a bioluminescent signal produced in the presence of the substrate but in the absence of contact between the polypeptide and peptide.
 43. The system of claim 42, wherein the target protein of interest is a membrane protein.
 44. The system of claim 42, wherein the antibody binding moiety is Protein G or Protein A, Protein L, or Protein M.
 45. The system of claim 42, wherein the peptide amino acid sequence is selected from the peptides of Table
 1. 46. The system of claim 42, wherein the polypeptide amino acid sequence is selected from the peptides of Table
 2. 47. The system of claim 42, further comprising a substrate for a bioluminescent complex produced by the peptide and polypeptide.
 48. The system of claim 48, wherein the substrate is furimazine, coelenterazine, or a coelenterazine derivative.
 49. The system of claim 42, wherein the second fusion further comprises a pH sensitive dye.
 50. An immunoassay method comprising: a. expressing in a cell a first fusion comprising: (i) a target protein of interest, and (ii) a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced in the presence of a substrate when the peptide contacts a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440; b. adding to the cell: i. a second fusion comprising: (i) an antibody binding moiety, and (ii) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced in the presence of the substrate when the polypeptide contacts a peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2; and ii. a test antibody c. adding a substrate for a bioluminescent complex produced by contact between the peptide and polypeptide, wherein said contact is mediated by binding of the antibody binding moiety to the test antibody if the test antibody binds to the target protein of interest; and d. detecting bioluminescence generated if the antibody binds to the target protein of interest.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the target protein of interest is a membrane protein.
 52. The method of claim 50, wherein the antibody binding moiety is Protein G or Protein A, Protein L, or Protein M.
 53. The method of claim 50, wherein the peptide amino acid sequence is selected from the peptides of Table
 1. 54. The method of claim 50, wherein the polypeptide amino acid sequence is selected from the peptides of Table
 2. 55. The method of claim 50, wherein the substrate is furimazine, coelenterazine, or a coelenterazine derivative.
 56. The method of claim 50, wherein the bioluminescence detected is indicative of the concentration and affinity of the test antibody.
 57. The method of claim 50, wherein the second fusion further comprises a pH sensitive dye for detection of antibody-mediated internalization.
 58. The method of claim 57, further comprising detecting fluorescence if the second fusion binds to target protein of interest through an antibody and is internalized into the cell.
 59. The method of claim 57, further comprising detecting BRET from bioluminescence generated when the antibody binding moiety of the second fusion binds to the antibody, which binds to target protein of interest, and is internalized into the cell.
 60. A kit comprising: a. a cell expressing a first fusion comprising: (i) a target protein of interest, and (ii) and a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced in the presence of a substrate when the peptide contacts a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 440; b. a second fusion comprising: (i) an antibody binding moiety, and (ii) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having less than 100% and greater than 40% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 440, wherein a detectable bioluminescent signal is produced in the presence of a substrate when the polypeptide contacts a peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2; and c. a substrate for a bioluminescent complex produced by the peptide and polypeptide.
 61. The kit of claim 60, wherein the target protein of interest is a membrane protein.
 62. The kit of claim 60, wherein the antibody binding moiety is Protein G or Protein A, Protein L or Protein M.
 63. The kit of claim 60, wherein the peptide amino acid sequence is selected from the peptides of Table
 1. 64. The kit of claim 60, wherein the polypeptide amino acid sequence is selected from the peptides of Table
 2. 65. The kit of claim 60, wherein the substrate is furimazine, coelenterazine, or a coelenterazine derivative.
 66. The kit of claim 60, wherein the second fusion further comprises a pH sensitive dye. 